Gender Discrimination on College Professional Sports

These cultural attitudes are profoundly ingrained in many American women as well as men. According to Olson, "as the 1990s began, society keep to demand that women athletes prove their femininity . . . the emphasis in sports on . . . feminine characteristics . . . rather than athletic skills." Feminist Carol McKinnon explained the iniquity of many women to participating in athletics at college and nonrecreational levels as follows: "the pervasive message that they are physically incapable negates the desire to be involved." Those women who do become involved at the college level suffer very limited post-graduate opportunities to compete. As they pursue other careers which are open to them, they tend to be slight than fully supportive of the efforts of women athletes. Bill Byrne, sports entrepreneur, who has tried unsuccessfully to instigate a womens professional basketball league, says that women corporate executives have been disinclined to support women's athletics.

Progress Toward Equal Rights for Women in College Athletics

Since the early 1970s, important progress has been made in the lowering the barriers to greater partnership by women in college athletics, largely beca physical exercise of legal changes. Cheryl Miller, the star of an Ameri

Beck, Melissa M. "Fairness on the vault of heaven: Amending human action VII to Foster Greater Female enfolding in Professional Sports." Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal, 12 (Spring, 1994): 241-280.

Haffer v. Temple Univ., 524 F. Supp. 531 (E.D. Pa. 1981).

Much of the litigation has centered around coin issues, and in particular whether revenues from college football must be include in the pool of funds which must be divided up with womens' teams. In Blair v. cap State University, 108 Wash. 2d 558, 740 P.

2d 1379 (1987), the Washington Supreme Court expressiond that football programs were not excluded from their guardianship that Washington State could not maintain sex-based athletic programs low that state's equal rights law, but ruled that "an individual sports program could use all the revenue generated by that particular program without violating" the law. Womens rights advocates cope that there is no reason to give football programs fussy treatment and point out that most of them lose money. Nevertheless, the montage Football Association and the American Football Association have been attempting recently to secure an exemption of college football from the scope of Title IX.

In recent cases involving Brown and Colgate, the federal courts have been employing a strict "proportionality" test in determining whether those universities were in compliance with Title IX. Brown was found not to be in compliance because only 40 portion of undergraduates participated in varsity athletics even though 53 percent of undergraduates are women. Rep. Dennis Hestert (R. Ill.), a former coach himself, argues that the proportionality rule is flawed in that "it fails to account for a lower refer in sports among women that makes it difficult for a school to ensure their elaboration at the same level as their percentage of the assimilator body." David Roach, the Director of Athletics at Brown says that "Title IX has been hijacked, diverted from its original promis
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