Coca Cola Strategy Essay

Slide1: International strategy (tià ªu Ä‘á »  cá » §a slide nhà © c) The enterprise has core competencies => the competitors in the host country does not have or difficult to develop, catch up or imitate Being not under pressure to localize products and to reduce production costs Company’s head office played a central role Slide 2: International strategy of Coca Cola (1900 to 1950) 1899-1909: added to 379 bottling plants across the United States for consumption of about 70 million liters / year. 1906: developing the first bottling plant in Havana, Cuba => marked the first step of Coca cola international market 1936: World War broke out => the bottling plant follow the army and when the war ended, coca has owned subsidiaries in 64 countries. 1950: Coca cola started advertising on TV => effects promote in worldwise Slide 3: Global Strategy A business strategy as global market or single market Company produce and deliver the products which are standardized and identical. Businesses build production facilities globally in locations with low cost as the basis for operational efficiency => save cost The operation of the system will be connected and coordinated through a central management official Make the business does not pay attention to the important differences between different markets => opportunity for competitors to jump in and meet the needs Slide 4: Global Strategy of Coca cola (1950 to early 2000) Coca-cola implementing global business strategy by: producting homogeneity, uniforming marketing strategy worldwide. In the 1970s and 1980s: + very diversified distribution system in both horizontal and vertical, + the bottling plants of Coca-Cola were on around the world + linked the retail stores to serve consumers better. In the 1990s: find new market with the advantages of the new front to the market => Africa and Asia Slide 5: Transnatoinal strategy Make a separate strategy for each country in which businesses consume their  products. Implemented localized products and methods of marketing products to suit the tastes and preferences of each national market Slide 6: Transnatoinal strategy of Coca cola (from 2000s to now) Set up independent subsidiaries, joint ventures in different markets => carry out the research and development stage products, manufacturing and marketing products in the local market. In the early 2000s: success on a global scale with nature is a business providing consumer goods Local adaptation â€Å"Think local, act local†: strategy towards adaptation but not contrary to the traditional strategy of company-global strategy Distributed organizational structure according to geographic area, including five areas: -North America – Latin America. – Europe, Asia, Europe and the Middle East borders. – Asia – Africa. Slide 7: Localization strategy of Coca cola: Localization strategy: the practice of adjusting a product’s functional properties and characteristics to accommodate the language, cultural, political and legal differences of a foreign market or country. For Coca Cola this will be done through a number of actions, first is changing their method of advertising. Ex: In India the use of celebrities would be used more than in Africa whereby football is the bigger love of the people Coca-Cola decided to change their iconic product name to something a little more consumer-friendly for Chinese market, adopted to use Chinese characters to present a truly localized version of their logo. Cuá »â€˜i cà ¹ng là   cà ¡i clip t gá » ­i hà ´m trc nhà © Há º £i.

Hydraulic Machines

30 CHAPTER 5 TURBINES 5. 1 Introduction Hydraulic turbines are the machines which use the energy of water and convert it to mechanical energy. The mechanical energy developed by a turbine is used in running an electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine. The electric generator thus develops electric power, which is known as hydro-electric power. 5. 2 Elements of Hydraulic Power Plants Fig. 5. 1 General Layout of a Hydraulic Power Plant 31 Fig. 5. 1 shows a general layout of hydraulic power plant, in which an artificial storage reservoir formed by constructing a dam has been shown. 5. 3General Classification of Turbines Turbines are hydraulic machines that convert energy into rotating mechanical energy which in turn generators to produce electrical energy. Originally developed from the water wheels, hydraulic turbines are the prime mortars of importance in modern water power development. According to their hydraulic action, turbines are broadly divided int o two classes. (1) Impulse Turbine: Impulse turbines are more efficient for high heads. At the inlet to the turbine runner, pressure head can be completely converted into kinetic head in the form of a jet of water issuing from one or more nozzles.The free jet will be at atmospheric pressure before as well as after striking the vanes. The turbines are regulated by nozzles which may be a simple straight flow type or a deflector type. The impulse turbines are commonly represented by Pelton Wheels. Turgo turbine is also an impulse turbine but with different buckets, when compared with pelton. Turgo and cross flow turbines are relatively new developments in this class. The main advantages of these turbines are: †¢ They can be easily adopted to power variation with almost constant efficiency. †¢The penstock overpressure and the runner overspeed control are easier. †¢ The turbine enables an easier maintenance. †¢ Due to the jet the manufacturer of these turbines impose a better solid particle control, conducting, consequently, to a lower abrasion effect. (2) Reaction Turbine: A turbine can be made to rotate under the action of water flowing under pressure through the runner. In such turbines the penstocks, the inlet passage to the runner, passage between the runner vanes, all form a continuous passage for the flow under a pressure which continuously decreases from inlet to outlet.The turbine runner directly converts both kinetic energy as well as the pressure energy into mechanical energy. Reaction turbines are represented in modern practice by two principal types: the Francis turbine where the flow is directed radial to the runner axis and the Propeller type 32 where the flow is axial to the runner axis. Propeller turbines may be fixed blade or adjustable blade types. Kaplan turbine has adjustable blades. The main advantages of these turbines are: †¢ It needs lesser installation space. †¢ It provides a greater net head and a better prot ection against downstream high flood levels. It can have greater runner speed. †¢ It can attain greater efficiencies for high power values. In order to distinguish different turbines, the hydraulically salient features like pressure, head, flow direction and magnitude, speed and power etc. The general classification of hydraulic turbines is illustrated in Fig. 5. 2. Hydraulic Turbines Impulse Turbines Pelton Turgo Reaction Turbines Cross-Flow Fixed -Blade Propeller Kaplan Francis Tubular Deriaz Bulb Fig. 5. 2 General Classification of Turbines 5. 4 Number of Units It is normally cost effective to have a minimum number of units at a given small ydropower installation. Multiple units may, however, be necessary from the operational point of view so that even one unit breaks down or is in the routine maintenance, the power generation can be achieved to a certain extent. The efficiency curves of turbines show that the 33 efficiency of power generation from hydraulic turbines conside rably decreases at low flow ratios or power ratios. In multiple units, it is possible to maintain the higher efficiency even in low flows and the low loads by running a certain number of the units at a time depending upon the available discharge and the load demand.Multiple units thus, make the most effective use of water where the flow as well as the load variations are significant. 5. 5 Limits of Use of Turbine Types The selection of best turbines for any particular small hydropower site depends on the site characteristics, the dominant beings the head and the available flow. There are some limits on the range of these parameters in the selection of turbines. Each turbine type is best suited to a certain range of pressure head and the flow rate. For instance, Pelton wheels operate with low flows discharged under great pressures where as Propeller turbines are effective in high flows under low heads.Francis turbines fall in the medium category covering a wide range of different hea ds and discharges. The common practice of SHP systems is to develop standard unit sizes of equipment that will operate over a range of heads and flows. Either charts or nomographs are used to select appropriate units for site specific application. One such chart showing the head-flow range of normal SHP schemes applicable to each type of turbine is given in Fig5. 3. The graph also indicates the approximate power generation for each combination of the head and the discharge applicable to SHP schemes. Fig. . 3 Head-Flow Ranges for Different Turbines 34 5. 6 Pelton Wheel Pelton wheel is well suited for operating under high heads. A pelton turbine has one or more nozzles discharging jets of water which strike a series of buckets mounted on the periphery of a circular disc. The runner consists of a circular disc with a number of buckets evenly spaced round its periphery. The buckets have a shape of a double semi-ellipsoidal cups. The pelton bucket is designed to deflect the jet back thro ugh 165 ° which is the maximum angle possible without the return jet interfering with the next bucket.Fig. 5. 4 Pelton bucket General arrangement of a pelton wheel is shown in the Fig. 5. 5. For SHP schemes, Pelton wheels are easier to fabricate and are relatively cheaper. The turbines are in general, not subjected to the cavitation effect. The turbines have access to working parts so that the maintenance or repairs can be effected in a shorter time. Fig. 5. 5 General Arrangement of a Pelton Wheel 35 Traditionally, micro hydro pelton wheels were always single jet because of the complexity and the cost of flow control governing of more than one jet.Advantages of multi-jet: -Higher rotational speed -Smaller runner -Less chance of blockage Disadvantages of multi-jet: -Possibility of jet interference on incorrectly designed systems -Complexity of manifolds 5. 7 Francis Turbine Francis turbine is a mixed flow type, in which water enters the runner radially at its outer periphery and le aves axially at its center. Fig. 5. 6 illustrates the Francis turbine. The runner blades are profiled in a complex manner and the casing is scrolled to distribute water around the entire perimeter of the runner.The water from the penstock enters a scroll case which completely surrounds the runner. The purpose of the scroll case is to provide an even distribution of water around the circumference of the turbine runner, maintaining an approximately constant velocity for the water so distributed. The function of guide vane is to regulate the quantity of water supplied to the runner and to direct water on to the runner at an angle appropriate design. A draft tube is a pipe or passage of gradually increasing cross sectional area which connects the runner exit to the tail race. Fig. 5. 6 Francis Turbine 36 . 8 Kaplan Turbine It is an axial flow turbine which is suitable for relatively low heads. From Fig. 5. 7, it will be seen that the main components of Kaplan turbine such as scroll casi ng, guide vanes, and the draft tube are similar to those of a Francis turbine. Fig. 5. 7 5. 9 Kaplan Turbine Specific Speed The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in r. p. m of a turbine geometrically similar to the actual turbine but of such a size that under corresponding conditions it will develop 1 metric horsepower when working under unit head. Ns = NP H5/ 4 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(5. 1) where Ns = specific speedP = power in HP 5. 10 Characteristic Curves The turbines are generally designed to work at particular values of H,Q,P,N and ? o which are known as the designed conditions. It is essential to determine exact behaviour of the turbines under the varying conditions by carrying out tests either on the actual turbines or on their small scale models. The results of these tests are usually graphically represented and the resulting curves are known as characteristic curves. 37 -constant head characteristic curves -constant speed characteristic curves -constan t efficiency characteristic curvesIn order to obtain constant head characteristics curves the tests are performed on the turbine by maintaining a constant head and a constant gate opening and the speed is varied by changing the load on the turbine. A series of values of N are thus obtained and corresponding to each value of N, discharge Q and the output power P are measured. A series of such tests are performed by varying the gate opening, the head being maintained constant at the previous value. From the data of the tests the values of Qu, Pu, nu and ? o are computed for each gate opening. Then with Nu as abscissa the values ofQu, Pu and ? o for each gate opening are plotted. The curves thus obtained for pelton wheel and the reaction turbines for four different gate openings are shown in Fig. 5. 8. Fig. 5. 8 Constant head characteristics for Pelton wheel and reaction turbines 38 5. 11 Cavitation in turbines When the pressure in any part of the turbine reaches the vapour pressure of the flowing water, it boils and small bubbles of vapour form in large numbers. These bubbles are carried along by the flow, and on reaching the high pressure zones these bubbles suddenly collapse as the vapour condenses to liquid again.The alternate formation and collapse of vapour bubbles may cause severe damage to the surface which ultimately fails to fatigue and the surface becomes badly scored and pitted. This phenomenon is known as cavitation. In order to determine whether cavitation will occur in any portion of the turbine, D. Thomas has developed a dimensionless parameter called Thomas'cavitation factor ? which is expressed as ?= Ha ? Hv ? Hs H †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(5. 2) where Ha = atmospheric pressure head Hv = vapour pressure head Hs = suction pressure head For Francis turbines: Critical cavitation factor ? c = 0. 625 (Ns/444)2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (5. 3) For Propeller turbines: ? c = 0. 28 + [ Example 5. 1 1 Ns 3 ( )] 7. 5 444 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (5. 4) Est imate the maximum height of straight conical draft tube of a 18000 h. p. Francis turbine running at 150 r. p. m under a net head of 27 m. The turbine is installed at a station where the effective atmospheric pressure is 10. 6 m of water. The draft tube must sink at least 0. 77 m below the tail race. Ns = NP H5/ 4 = 327 39 ?c = 0. 625 (Ns/444)2 = 0. 339 Cavitation factor ? = Ha -Hv -Hs H Ha -Hv = 10. 6 m, H =27 m 0. 339 = 10. 6 -Hs 27 Hs = 1. 45 m Max length of the draft tube = 1. 45 + 0. 7 = 2. 22 m 5. 12 Governing of Turbines All the modern turbines are directly coupled to the electric generators. The generators are always required to run at constant speed irrespective of the variations in the load. This constant speed N of the generator is given by the expression N= 60 f p †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (5. 5) where f = frequency (usually 50) p = numbers of pairs of poles 5. 13 Water Hammer A gate or valve at the end of the penstock pipe controls the discharge to the turbine. As s oon as this governor regulated gate opening is altered, the pipe flow has to be adjusted to the new magnitude of flow.In doing so, there are rapid pressure oscillations in the pipe, often accompanied by a hammering like sound. Hence this phenomenon is called as water hammer. 5. 14 Jet Speed The velocity of flow of the jet depends upon the total net head H at the base of the nozzle and is given by the nozzle equation: v = C v ? 2gH where the discharge coefficient velocity of the nozzle is taken as 0. 95. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(5. 6) 40 5. 15 Bucket speed V= ? DN 60 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(5. 7) The bucket speed should be half of the jet speed. In practice, losses in the turbine cause the maximum efficiency to occur at slightly less than a half, typically 0. 46. V =0. 6 v 5. 16 Design of Pelton Wheel Runner diameter: Runner diameter can be found out from the rpm equation. D= 38 ? H N †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (5. 8) where N = runner speed(rpm) H = net head Nozzle diameter: The nozzle diameter is given by the nozzle equation: d = 0. 54 ? Q 0. 5 1 ? 0. 25 H n jet †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (5. 9) Jet ratio: Jet ratio D/d is a size parameter for the turbine. It has a value in a range of 10 to 24. For the high efficiency Pelton wheel design, the ratio of the runner diameter to the nozzle should be more than 9. Number of buckets: The number of buckets required for the efficient operation of the Pelton turbine is calculated as:N buc = 0. 5 ? D + 15 d †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (5. 10) In practice, the selection and the detail design of the turbine units are carried out by the manufactures based on the model performances. 41 Example 5. 2 Powerhouse is equipped with a vertical shaft pelton turbine. The generator is provided with 6 pairs of poles. Design discharge is 1. 4 m3/s and net head is 425 m. The turbine will provide 6500 hp. Take coefficient of nozzle as 0. 95. Determine (a) the specific speed (b) velocity of jet (c) jet diameter (d) pitch circle diameter of the wheel (e) number of buckets (a) N= 60 f p = 60 x 50/6 = 500 rpmNs = = NP H5/ 4 500 6500 4255 / 4 = 20. 9 Use single jet pelton turbine (b) velocity of jet v = C v ? 2gH = 0. 95 ? 2Ãâ€"9. 81Ãâ€"425 = 86. 75 m/s (c) jet diameter d = 0. 54 ? = 0. 54 ? Q 0. 5 1 ? 0. 25 H n jet 1. 4 0. 5 425 0. 25 ? = 0. 14 m =14 cm 1 1 42 (d) pitch circle diameter D= 38 ? H N = 1. 57 m (e) Number of buckets N buc = 0. 5 ? N buc = 0. 5 ? D + 15 d 1. 57 + 15 0. 14 = 20. 6 = 21 5. 17 Work done of Pelton Wheel In turbines, the water flows on to the runner, which itself is rotating with a certain speed. The water flows over the runner and leaves the runner at its outlet point.We can speak of absolute velocity of water before it flows in the runner, the relative velocity of water w. r. t the runner and again the absolute velocity of water after it has left the runner. In order to ascertain the relationship between these velocities, the velocity vector diagram prove to be very useful. Fig. 5. 9 shows the velocity triangles at the tips of the bucket of a pelton wheel. At the outlet tip velocity triangles are different depending upon the magnitude of u corresponding to which it is slow, medium or fast runner. Inlet velocity diagram VVri Vai =Vwi 43 Outlet velocity diagram V Vwo ? ? Vfo Vro Vao Fig. 5. 9 Velocity triangles V = bucket velocity Vai = absolute velocity of jet at inlet tip Vai = Cv 2 gH1 Vao = absolute velocity of jet at outlet tip Vri = relative velocity of jet at inlet = Vai-V Vro = relative velocity of jet at outlet = k. Vri Vwi = velocity of whirl at inlet =Vai Vwo = velocity of whirl at outlet = V-VroCos ? Vfo = velocity of flow at outlet Mass/sec m =? Q =? a Vai=? ?/4 d2 Vai †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(5. 11) Workdone on the bucket/sec (power developed by turbine) P = m (Vwi -Vwo) V †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(5. 12)Maximum hydraulic efficiency ? h max = 1 (1 + kCos? ) 2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(5. 13) The hydraulic efficiency is maximum when the bucket speed is equal to half of the velocity of jet. 44 Example 5. 3 The head available at entrance to the nozzle supplying a pelton wheel is 300 m and the coefficient of velocity for the nozzle is 0. 98. The wheel diameter is 1. 8 m and the nozzle diameter is 125 mm. The buckets deflect the jet through 165 °. Assuming the relative velocity of the jet is reduced by 16%, calculate the theoretical speed in rev per min for the maximum hydraulic efficiency.What is the hydraulic efficiency when running at this speed, and what is the power developed? Deflection angle =165 ° = (180- ? ) ? = 15 ° k = 0. 84 hf hn H'=Vai2/2g H For max hydraulic efficiency V/Vai =0. 5 Vai = Cvv2gH1 = 75 m/s V =Vai/2 = 37. 5 m/s V =? DN/60 N =60V/? D = 398 rpm ?hmax = 1/2 (1+ k Cos ? ) = 90. 55 % mass/sec = m = ? Q = ? ?/4 d2 Vai = 920 kg/sec H1 45 Inlet diagram: V Vri From velocity diagram Vwi = Vai =75 m/s Vri = Vai- V =37. 5 m/s Vwi = Vai Outlet diagram: Vwo = V -Vro Cos ? V = V – k Vri Cos ? Vwo Vro Power = m V ( Vwi -Vwo) = 234600 Watts Vao =7 m/s 46 CHAPTER 6CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 6. 1 Introduction Centrifugal pumps are classified as rotodynamic type of pumps in which dynamic pressure is developed which enables the lifting of liquids from a lower to a higher level. The basic principle on which a centrifugal works is that when a certain mass of liquid is made to rotate by an external force, it is thrown away from the central axis of rotation and a centrifugal head is impressed which enable it to rise to a higher level. Now, if more liquid is constantly made available at the centre of rotation, a continuous supply of liquid at a higher level may be ensured.Since in these pumps the lifting of the liquid is due to centrifugal action, these pumps are called ‘centrifugal pumps'. 6. 2 Advantages of centrifugal pumps over reciprocating pumps The main advantage of a centrifugal pump is that its discharging capacity is very much greater than a reciprocating pump which can handle relatively small quantity of liquid only. A centrifugal pump can be operated at very high speeds without any danger of separation and cavitation . The maintenance cost of a centrifugal pump is low and only periodical check up is sufficient .But for a reciprocating pump the maintenance cost is high because the parts such as valves etc. , may need frequent replacement. 6. 3 Component Parts of a Centrifugal Pump The main component parts of a centrifugal pump are: -impeller -casing -suction pipe -delivery pipe 47 Fig. 6. 1 Component part of a centrifugal pump 6. 4 Workdone by the Impeller The expression of the workdone by the impeller of a centrifugal pump on the liquid flowing through it may be derived in the same way as for a turbine. The liquid enters the impeller at its centre and leaves at its periphery. Fig. 6. shows a portion of the impeller of a centrifugal pump with one vane and the velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet tips of the vane. V is absolute velocity of liquid, u is tangential velocity of th e impeller, Vr is relative velocity of liquid, Vf is velocity of flow of liquid, and Vw is velocity of whirl of the liquid at the entrance to the impeller. Similarly V1,u1,Vr1,Vf1 and Vw1 represent their counterparts at the exit point of the impeller. 48 Fig. 6. 2 Velocity triangles for an impeller vane ? = the impeller vane angle at the entrance ? = the impeller vane angle at the outlet = the angle between the directions of the absolute velocity of entering liquid and the peripheral velocity of the impeller at the entrance ? = the angle between the absolute velocity of leaving liquid and the peripheral velocity of the impeller at the exit point Work done per second by the impeller on the liquid may be written as Work done = W ( Vw1 u1 – Vw u) ————-(6. 1) g where W kg of liquid per second passes through the impeller. Since the liquid enters the impeller radially ? = 90 and hence Vw = 0. Thus equation (6. 1) becomes Work done = W (Vw1u1) —â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€-(6. ) g 6. 5 Head of a Pump The head of a centrifugal pump may be expressed in the following two ways: (a) Static head (b) Manometric head (or total head or gross head) 49 Fig. 6. 3 Head on a centrifugal pump (a) Static Head Static head is the vertical distance between the liquid surfaces in the pump and the tank to which the liquid is delivered by the pump. Static head (or lift) Hs = hs + hd where hs = static suction lift hd = static delivery lift †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (6. 3) 50 (b) Manometric Head Manometric head is the total head that must be produced by the pump to satisfy external requirements.If there are no energy losses in the impeller and the casing of the pump, then the manometric head Hm will be equal to the energy given to the liquid by the V ? 1u1 g impeller, i. e Hm = . But if losses occur in the pump then V ? 1u1 ? losses of head in the pump g †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (6. 4) Applying Bernoulli’s equation between the points, O at the liqui d surface in the pump and 1 in the suction pipe just at the inlet to the pump (i. e. , at the centre line of the pump), the following expression is obtained if the liquid surface in the sump is taken as datum. 0= p s Vs2 + + hs + h f s ? 2g ps Vs2 ? [ + hs + h fs ] 2g ? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (6. 5) where ps is the pressure at point l ; Vs is the velocity of flow in the suction pipe ; hs is the suction lift and hfs is the head loss in the suction pipe which includes the head loss due to friction and the other minor losses. It may however be pointed out that if the pump is situated below the level of the liquid surface in the sump, hs will be negative. Equation (6. 5) indicates that at the inlet to the pump there is always a suction or vacuum pressure developed which will be recorded by the vacuum gauge provided at this point as shown in Fig. . 3. The head expressed by equation (6. 5) is called the suction head of the pump. Also, applying Bernoulli’s equation between points 1 and 2, which is just at the outlet of the impeller and is assumed to be at the same level as point 1, then since the impeller imparts a head equal to (Vw1u1/g) to the liquid the following expression is obtained: p s V s2 V? 1u1 p 2 V12 + + = + + hLi ? 2g g ? 2g †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (6. 6) where p2 is the pressure and V1 is the absolute velocity of the liquid leaving the impeller and hLi is the loss of head in the impeller. 51 6. Specific Speed of Centrifugal Pumps In order to compare the performance of different pumps, it is necessary to have some term which will be common to all centrifugal pumps. The term used for this purpose is the specific speed. The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is the speed at which the specific pump must run to deliver unit quantity against unit head, the efficiency being the same as the actual pump. Ns = NQ H 3/ 4 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(6. 7) where Ns= specific speed N = rotational speed(rpm) H = total head 6. 7 Performance of Pumps- Charact eristic CurvesA pump is usually designed for one speed, flow rate and head in actual practice, the operation may be at some other condition of head on flow rate, and for the changed conditions, the behaviour of the pump may be quite different. Therefore, in order to predict the behaviour and performance of a pump under varying conditions, tests are performed and the results of the tests are plotted. The curves thus obtained are known as the characteristic curves of the pump. The following three types of characteristic curves are usually prepared for the centrifugal pumps : a) Main and operating characteristics. (b) Constant efficiency or Muschel curves . (c) Constant head and constant discharge curves. Main and Operating Characteristics In order to obtain the main characteristic curves of a pump it is operated at different speeds. For each speed the rate of flow Q is varied by means of a delivery valve and for the different values of Q the corresponding values of manometric head Hm, shaft H. P. , P , and overall efficiency ? are measured or calculated. The same operation is repeated for different speeds of the pump. Then Q v/s Hm ; Q v/s P and Q v/s ? urves for different speeds are plotted, so that three sets of curves, as shown in Fig. 6. 4 are obtained, which represent the 52 main characteristics of a pump. The main characteristics are useful in indicating the performance of a pump at different speeds. During operation a pump is normally required to run at a constant speed, which is its designed speed, (same as the speed of the driving motor). As such that particular set of main characteristics which corresponds to the designed speed is mostly used in the operations of a pump and is, therefore, known as the operating characteristics.A typical set of such characteristics of a pump is shown in Fig. 6. 5 Fig. 6. 4 Main characteristics of a centrifugal pump Fig. 6. 5 Operating characteristic curves of a centrifugal pump 53 6. 8 Parallel or Series Operation of Pu mps Pumps in series Centrifugal pumps generate a relatively low head delivering a fairly high rate of discharge. Normally a pump with a single impeller can be used to deliver the required discharge against a maximum head of about 100 m. But if the liquid is required to be delivered against a still larger head then it can be done by using two or more pumps in series. Fig. 6. 6 Three stage centrifugal pumpIf the required head is more than that can be provided by one pump, the pumps are connected in series. The same discharge passes through both pumps but the head developed by one pump add the other. The total head developed is obtained by adding together the value of the head of each pump corresponding to the relevant discharge. Pumps in Parallel The multi-stage pumps or the pumps in series as described earlier are employed for delivering a relatively small quantity of liquid against very high heads. However, when a large quantity of liquid is required to be pumped against a relativel y small head, then it may 4 not be possible for a single pump to deliver the required discharge. In such cases two or more pumps are used which are so arranged that each of these pumps working separately lift the liquid from a common sump and deliver it to a common collecting pipe through which it is carried to the required height Fig. 6. 7. Since in this case each of the pumps deliver the liquid against the same head, the arrangement is known as pumps in parallel. If Q1, Q2, Q3†¦.. , Qn are the discharging capacities of n pumps arranged in parallel then the total discharge delivered by these pumps will beQt = (Q1+Q2+Q3+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦+Qn) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (6. 8) If the discharging capacity of all the n pumps is same, equal to Q , then the total discharge delivered by these pumps will be Qt = nQ Fig. 6. 7 Two centrifugal pumps arranged in parallel 55 A centrifugal pump, having four stages in parallel, delivers 11m3/min of Example 6. 1 liquid against a head of 24. 7m , the diameter of the impeller being 225mm and the speed 1700 rpm. A pump is to be made up with a number of identical stages in series, of similar constriction to those in the first pump, to run at 1250 rpm, and to deliver 14. 5 m3/min, against a head of 248m.Find the number of stages required for the second pump. 1st Pump 2nd Pump Q = 11m3/min Q = 14. 5m3/min H = 24. 7 m H = 248 m N = 1700 rpm N =1250 rpm D = 225 mm Specific speed N s = NQ H 3/ 4 Q for one pump = 11/4 = 2. 75 m3/min Ns = 1700 2. 75 24. 7 3 / 4 = 254 For 2nd pump, with identical stages in series i. e multi-stage pump, if each stage is similar to those of each stage is similar to those of the first pump. The specific speed of each stage Ns = 254 Ns = 254 = NQ H 3/ 4 1250 14. 5 H 3/ 4 H = 49. 64 m Total head required = 248 m No of stages required = 248/49. 64 = 5 stages 56 CHAPTER 7DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS, HYDRAULIC SIMILITUDE AND MODEL INVESTIGATION 7. 1 Dimensional Analysis Dimensional analysis is a mathematical method of obtaining the equations, changing units, determining a convenient arrangement of variable of a physical relation. In an equation expressing a physical relationship between quantities, absolute numerical and dimensional equality must exit. In general, all such physical relationships can be reduced to the fundamental quantities of mass M, length L and time T. It is a based on the assumption that the phenomenon can be expressed by a dimensionally homogeneous equation, with certain variable.The dimensional analysis is widely used in research work for developing design criteria and also for conducting model tests. 7. 2 Dimensions and Units All physical quantities are measured by comparison. This comparison is always made with respect to some arbitrarily fixed value for each independent quantity, called dimension(e. g. , length, mass, time, etc. ). Since there is no direct relationship between these dimensions, they are called fundamental dimensions. Some other quantities such as area , volume, velocity, force etc. can not be expressed in terms of fundamental dimensions and thus may be alled derived dimensions. There are two systems for fundamental dimensions namely FLT (i. e force, length, time) and MLT (i. e. , mass, length, time). One common system employed in dimensional analysis is the M,L,T system. Table is a listing of some of the quantities used in fluid flow, together with their symbols and dimensions. 57 Quantity Symbol Dimensional Form Length l L Time t T Mass m M Velocity v L T-1 Acceleration a L T-2 Force F M L T-2 Pressure P M L-1 T-2 Discharge Q L3 T-1 Power P M L2 T-3 W,E M L2 T-2 Density ? M L-3 Dynamic viscosity  µ M L-1 T-1 Kinematic viscosity ? L2 T-1 Surface tension M T-2 Work,energy 7. 3 Methods of Dimensional Analysis The methods of dimensional analysis are: -Buckingham's ? theorem -Ralyeigh's method Buckingham's ? Theorem If there are ‘n' variables in a dimensionally homogeneous equation, and if these variables contain ‘m' fu ndamental dimensions such as (M,L,T) , they may be grouped into (nm) non-dimensional independent ? terms. Mathematically, if a variable x1 depends upon independent variables x2, x3,x4, †¦. ,xn, the functional equation may be written as x1 = f (x2, x3, x4, †¦. , xn) The equation may be written in its general form as 58 f1 ( x1, x2, x3,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xn) = C In this equation there are ‘n' variables. If there are ‘m' fundimental dimensions, the according to ? theorem f2 ( ? 1,? 2,? 3,†¦.. , ? n-m ) = C1 e. g Q = f (d,H, µ,? ,g) f1 (Q, d, H,  µ, ? , g) = C n = 6; m = 3; (n-m) = 3 f2 ( ? 1, ? 2, ? 3) = C1 Procedure 1. First of all, write the functional relationship with the given data. 2. Then write the equation in its general form. 3. Choose ‘m' repeating variables and write separate expressions for each term. Every ? term will contain the repeating variables and one of the remaining variables. The repeating variables are written in exponential form . 4.With the help of the principle of dimensional homogeneity, find out the values of the exponents by obtaining simultaneous equations. 5. Substitute the value of these exponents in the ? term. 6. After the ? terms are obtained, write the functional relation in the required form. e. g Q = f ( d, H,  µ, ? , g) f1 (Q, d, H,  µ, ? , g) =C n = 6 , m = 3 , (n-m) = 3 f2 (? 1,? 2,? 3)=C1 Choose ? , g, d as repeating variable, ?1 = ? a1 gb1 dc1 Q ? 2 = ? a2 gb2 d c2 H ? 3 = ? a3 gb3 dc3  µ 59 Selection of Repeating Variable 1. The variables should be such that none of them is dimensionless. 2. No two variables should have the same dimensions. . Independent variables should be as far as possible, be selected as repeating variable. ? > fluid property ? > flow characteristics l > geometric characteristics Example 7. 1 A V-notch weir is a vertical plate with a notch angle ? cut into the top of it and placed across an open channel. The liquid in the channel is backed up and forced to flow through the notch. The discharge Q is some function of the elevation H of upstream liquid surface above the bottom of the notch. In addition it depends upon gravity and upon the velocity of approach Vo to the weir. Determine the form of discharge equation: ?V ? Q = gH 5/2 f ? ,? ? ? gH ? ? ? Q = f (H, g , Vo , ? ) f1 ( Q, H ,g ,Vo, ? ) = C Choose g and H as repeating variables n = 5; n-m =3 ; m=2 ?1 = Ha1 gb1 Q = (L)a1 (LT-2)b1 L3 T-1 ?2 =Ha2 gb2 Vo = (L)a2 (LT-2)b2 LT-1 ?3 = ? (M)o (L)o (T)o = (L)a1 (LT-2)b1 L3 T-1 a1+b1+3 =0 ? a1 = -5/2 -2b1-1 =0 ? b1 = -1/2 ?1 = H-5/2 g-1/2 Q = Q vg H 5/2 (M)o (L)o (T)o = (L)a2 (LT-2)b2 L T-1 a2 = -1/2 60 b2 = -1/2 ?2 =H-1/2 g-1/2 Vo= Vo vgH Q f2 ( gH 5/ 2 Q gH 5/ 2 , Vo ,? gH ) = C1 Vo ,? gH ) Vo ,? gH ) =f( Q = gH 5/2 f ( Example 7. 2 Q = VD 2 f [ Prove that the discharge over a spillway is given by the relation gD H ,] V D where V= velocity of flowD = depth of throat H = Head of water g = Acceleration due to gravity Q= f (V,D,H,G) f1 (Q,V,D,H ,G) = C Choose V and D as repeating variables n = 5, m =2, n-m =3 ?1= Va1 Db1 Q = (LT-1)a1 (L)b1 (L3T-1) ?2 = Va2 Db2 H = (LT-1)a2 (L)b2 (L) ?3 = Va3 Db3 g = (LT-1)a3 (L)b3 (LT-2) M0L0T 0 = (LT-1)a1 (L)b1 (L3T-1) 0 = -a1-1 ; a1 = -1 0 = a1+b1+3 ; b1= -2 ?1 = V -1 D -2 Q 61 ?1 = Q VD2 M0L0T 0 =(LT-1)a2 (L)b2 (L) 0 = -a2 a2+b2+1 =0 ; b2 = -1 ?2 = V0 D-1 H = H/D M0L0T 0 = (LT-1)a3 (L)b3 (LT-2) 0 = -a3-2 ; a3 = -2 0 = a3+b3+1 ; b3 =1 ?3 = V-2 D g gD V = f2 ( gD H , )=0 VD 2 D V Q VD 2 Q , = f( gD H ,) V D Q = VD 2 f ( 7. 4 D H ,) V D HYDRAULIC MODELS Hydraulic models, in general, may be either true models or distorted models. True models have all the significant characteristics of the prototype reproduced to scale (geometrically similar) and satisfy design restrictions (kinematic and dynamic similitude). Model-prototype comparisons have clearly shown that the correspondence of behaviour is often well beyond expected limitations, as has been attested by the successful operation of many s tructures designed from model tests. 7. 5 Hydraulic Similitude To know the complete working and behaviour of the prototype, from its model, there hould be a complete similarity between the prototype and its scale model. This similarity is 62 known as hydraulic similitude. From the subject point of view, the following three types of hydraulic similitude are important. (1) Geometric similitude (2) Kinematic similitude (3) Dynamic similitude GEOMETRIC SIMILITUDE The model and the prototype are identical in shape, but differ only in size. (The ratios of all the corresponding linear dimensions are equal) . Let L = Length of the prototype B = Breadth of the prototype D = Depth of the prototype l,b,d = corresponding values of the model L Linear ratio Lr =Area ratio Ar = ( Volume ratio Vr = ( l = BD = bd L B D )2 = ( )2 = ( )2 l b d L B D ) 3 = ( ) 3 = ( )3 l b d KINEMATIC SIMILITUDE The model and the prototype have identical motions. ( The ratios of the velocities at corresponding points a re equal) Let V1 = velocity of liquid in prototype at point 1 V 2 = velocity of liquid in prototype at point 2 v1,v2 = corresponding values of the model Velocity ratio Vr = V1 V2 = = †¦.. v1 v 2 DYNAMIC SIMILITUDE The model and prototype have identical forces. (The ratios of the corresponding forces acting at corresponding points are equal). F Force ratio Fr = 1 = f1 F2 †¦.. f2 63 7. 6 CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS (1) Undistorted model (2) Distorted model Undistorted model A model which is geometrically similar to the prototype is known as undistorted model. Distorted model Model does not have complete geometric similarity with the prototype, is known as distorted model. 7. 7 Comparison of an Undistorted Model and the Prototype If the model is to be overall similar to the prototype, then all the three similarities (i. e, geometric, kinematic, dynamic ) should exist. But this is not possible in actual practice, as it is difficult to exist two types of similarities simultaneousl y.In general, and undistorted model of a prototype is made keeping in view the geometric similarity only and the remaining similarities are then compared for the scale ratio. 7. 8 Velocity of Water in Prototype for the Given Velocity of an Undistorted Model Consider an undistorted model geometrically similar to a proposed prototype like a weir, dam, spillway etc. Let h = head of water over the model v = velocity of water at a point in the model H,V = corresponding values for the prototype 1/s = scale ratio of the model to the prototype Velocity of water in the model v = Cv v2ghVelocity of water on the corresponding point in the prototype V = Cv v2gH C v 2 gh v = = V C v 2 gH h 1 = H s V = v vs Example 7. 3 The velocity at a point on a spillway model of a dam is 1. 3m/sec for a prototype of model ratio 1:10. What is the velocity at the corresponding point in the prototype? 64 Velocity in the model v = 1. 3 m/s Model ratio, 1/s = 1/10 s = 10 Velocity in the prototype V = v vs V =1. 3 x v10 = 4. 11 m/sec 65 References: 1. Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics P. N. Modi and S. M. Seth 2. Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines R. S. Khurmi 3. Fluid Mechanics Victor L. Streeter

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The Use of Hand-held Cameras in â€Å"After Life† Essay Hirokazu Kore-eda’s â€Å"After Life† portrays the importance of making beautiful memories that would last forever. It is about death but deals more with choosing the best memory a dead person can remember and wants to remember for the rest of eternity. Twenty-two souls came to a â€Å"waystation† between life and death where they were asked to choose one precious memory. After choosing a memory, it would be recreated and filmed by the â€Å"staff† at the station. The â€Å"staff† were also dead persons who were not able to leave the place because of difficulty in choosing the memory they want to take with them. In this movie, hand-held camera techniques are used in a concrete pattern to recreate the dead peoples memories. The cameras were also used to record their interviews wherein they try to explain and give details of their specific memories. This was especially seen with the prostitute, pilot, and Tatara Kimiko. According to Kore-eda, he used scripted and unscripted dialogs in the film by non-actors and professional actors (Derek, 1998, n. p). He actually included non-actors to relate their real memories. In the beginning of the movie, characters were filmed with fixed cameras and they were seen having a hard time choosing their memories. However, with hand-held camera scenes, they were able to choose their memories easily. Although in the scenes where hand-held cameras were used seemed as informal scenes compared to the others, the characters can be seen talking comfortably. It seems that they were having a normal conversation as opposed to a formal interview. The characters were more at ease with the hand-held cameras. This might be because hand-held cameras do not seem as intimidating as those normally used in making movies. Also, when these cameras are used, it can only seem as though a home movie is being done and not a formal movie. The first scene where a hand-held camera was used was when the prostitute was having tea with Takuro Sugie, one of the counselors. They had their conversation in a casual way while drinking tea. The hand-held camera technique started when the counselor showed a picture of a demolished hotel to her, which was a part of her chosen memory. The counselor then found out that something was not right. Soon thereafter, he realized that the prostitute lied about her age. Feeling guilty, she admitted that she lied and even related that she was not with anyone that day and was actually waiting for a man. The hand-held camera focused on her while she was telling the truth, and this showed the development of her character. The second hand-held camera technique appeared on the pilot and Kawashima’s conversation. Kawashima brought pictures of airplanes so he could figure out and recreate the pilots memory and the specific plane that the pilot flew that day. The third hand-held camera technique was when Tatara Kimiko was drawing a red dress on the paper, which she would present to Kawashima. She seemed to be using an unscripted dialog because she was seen struggling to recall her memories. Because it is very natural to forget some things, this was considered unscripted. In the scene, the hand-held camera focused on the red dress that she was sketching because it was the most important part of her memory and would be used on the set to recreate her memory. Hand-held camera techniques appeared throughout the movie while the memories were being recreated. The cameras tried to capture every detail of their stories and facial expressions so that real emotions can be seen by the viewers. In Tatara Kimiko’s scene where she was trying to teach a certain dance to a little girl, the camera followed her every move and kept the focus on her face rather than the little girl learning the dance. 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Although it may seem to be an invasion of ones privacy, it is a very good way to record a persons true character, which would help make a great recreation of a memory. Hand-held cameras make it easier for viewers to understand the development of the characters of the movie. This movie shows how important memories are to a persons life. It is hard to choose one memory from all the years of existence of one individual but it is harder to remember the specific details of that one memory. It is like a dream where everything is blurred and only a certain moment or conversation of the whole memory can be remembered. Moreover, the pressure of choosing one special memory out of all the memories a person can have to take in eternity is also hard. Certainly, one memory is not enough. Because memories are hard to remember, which makes it hard to recreate, hand-held cameras contribute greatly in the making of this movie. 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You can tell he was only visiting London as he compares it to all the natural metaphors and similies he is used to, and it is a surprise to write about cities, since most of his other poems were about nature. If he maybe had stayed a few months he would not have thought as much to it as he does in the poem, maybe because it is so different to the kind of landscape he is used to he sees it in a positive light. He visited France in 1790 and was influenced by the turmoil of the French Revolution he was also greatly affected by his brothers death in 1805. The oppressive rule of France and the chaos and bloodshed of the revolution that he witnessed hit hard on Wordsworths soft, emotional way of thinking. He had to reinvent a whole new understanding of the world and of the human mind in more solid terms. William Blake was born November 28th 1757, it is evident in his poems he had an awareness of the harsh realities of his life-In every voice, in every ban, the mind-forgd manacles I hear. Here Blake is talking about the oppression of the city of London and how the mind is chained-, which is metaphorical, but he is saying almost how the people of the city are losing their individuality. As a young boy he had a vision of seeing angels in the trees. These mystical visions returned throughout his life, leaving a mark on his poetry and outlook on life. His artistic talent was noticed by many and encouraged. At ten years old, he began engraving, he was very creative and he started his first poem 1773. Blake hated the church; he believed that the truth was learned by personal revelation, not by teaching. In the end he started to think that all religions were one and there wasnt any correct religion to follow. -Crying weep, weep in notes of woe; Where are thy father and mother, say? They are both gone up to the church to pray.- Quotes from The Chimney Sweeper this is where an innocent child having a hard life as a chimney sweep who wants to see his mother and father but has been turned away by them and the Church. Showing how evil and wrong the church is in Blakes opinion for turning away a poor boy that needs help. Wordsworths verdict after Blakes death reflected many opinions of the time: There was no doubt that this poor man was mad, but there is something in the madness of this man which interests me more than the sanity of Lord Byron and Walter Scott. Blakes style of writing was mostly pointing out a lot of negative aspects about things, relating many objects or places to political problems. In Blakes London- Blake has a very pessimistic and sad look on the city. Blake also used metaphors, similes and personification but referring to the political problems happening, as well as problems with the city- this could be not just London but all cities in Britain at the time. For example- every blackening church appalls this is not just skin deep as the church walls were actually black with pollution and dirt, but on a deeper level where he is talking about the corruption in the church. Wordsworth compares his version of London to beauty thats different from surface appearances, and he used imagery to describe Londons beauty comparing it to natural valleys, green countryside and trickling rivers and streams. For example-Never did the sun more beautifully sleep, in his first splendour valley, rock, or hill There he is being more philosophical and pensive; there is less description and more awe of the actual city. Many of his works at that time expressed the beauty of a pure nature, while Composed upon Westminster Bridge praised the way nature and civilization could coexist- how the city was just as beautiful as the countryside but in a different, deeper way. Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie, Open unto the fields, and to the sky. In many of his poems, Wordsworth begins to go more and more into his own mind, not actually looking at surface appearances but looking through that sometimes into an almost trance-like state. Of harmony, and the deep power of joy, We see into the life of things. He says that in one of his poems in Tintern Abbey. He starts this by looking at the beauty of the landscape, then his mind drifts into deeper things, like his understanding of life and the world around him; Until, the breath of this corporeal frame And even the motion of our human blood, Almost suspended, we are laid asleep, In body, and become a living soul. Blake however is quite different and is deep in a different way. But here he uses a very negative tone to help convey his point. The whole way through he continues his downbeatoppressive tone and describing everything thats wrong with London. And mark in every face I meet, Marks of weakness, marks of woe.- Commenting on how everyone in the city are the victims of an endless work, to keep the city running constantly, he describes how this is sucking out the souls of people the more they work. Blake also seems to use a downbeat negative tone to give an actual gloomy effect. He sayshow the youthful harlots curse, blasts the new-born infants tear. That line basically means that teenagers are forced into prostitution for money and how if they are impregnated without a father then that child is doomed to be the son of a prostitute. The child is born into a life of poverty and the cycle just keeps going on and on. Wordsworth- possibly because of a better upbringing, has a more positive outlook on life and can find it easy to see most things in their own kind of beauty. Unlike Blake who found it hard not to look at the landscape itself but see everything wrong with what it stood for- And the hapless soldiers sigh, Runs in blood down palace walls. From London instead of marvelling at the palace like Wordsworth would have done- he looks at it and reads between the lines- how soldiers are sent to their deaths, and how the city profits from it. In conclusion I think that Blake and Wordsworth are similar in styles on writing but believe very different things. Blake was thought mad by many but I think he just had strong thoughts coming from his own experiences. Wordsworth on the other hand was simply a very philosophical poet, in many of his poems going into a trance-like state seeing the inner beauty of things.

The Introduction Of Chinese Food Cultural Studies Essay

The Introduction Of Chinese Food Cultural Studies Essay Chinese cuisine has a long history, famous all over the world. Chinese cuisine has developed and matured over the centuries, forming a rich cultural content It is characterized by fine selection of ingredients, precise processing, particular care to the amount of fire, and substantial nourishment. Local flavors and snacks, and special dishes have formed according to regions, local products, climate, historical factors, and eating habits.  The development and diversity of the delights of Chinese cuisine are also representative of Chinas long history. With each dynasty new recipes were created until the art of food preparation reach its peak during the Qing Dynasty (1644 1911). The dinner called Man Han Quan Xi that incorporates all the very best of Man and Han Cuisine is held in high esteem involving as it does countless dishes, each with its own distinctive flavor and appeal. This veritable banquet in its preparation and presentation typifies all of the culture and culinary arts t hat have been perfected over centuries and is a comprehensive amalgam of taste, instruments, and manners.   It also has their own flavor and appeal in our ethnic groups, which is quite distinctive. China has local cuisine, imperial dishes, and dishes of ethnic minorities, Islamic dishes with a strong religious flavor and vegetarian dishes. At the beginning China had only four styles of cuisine. As a sort of traditional food in China, wonton   originated in North China. It was viewed by ancient Chinese as a sealed stuffed bun without holes and therefore was named Huidun (meaning chaos). It was later called wonton in line with the formation rule of Chinese characters. Wonton has a long history. There existed numerous wonton restaurants in cities in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Wonton was featured by clear soup and delicate stuffing at that time. Its fineness was ever appraised by poets and was hard to achieve by common people. In ancient times, it was a custom in some regions to eat wonton on the midwinter day, which is said to has bearing on a famous doctor Zhang Zhongjing. He ever stuffed wonton with medicinal materials on the midwinter day to cure villagers who suffered frostbite. Wanton mee is very famous in many countries, such as Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and so on. In Hong Kong, wonton noodles are usually served in steaming hot soup with shrimp wontons and garnished with leafy vegetables. There are plenty of variations of this popular Cantonese dish, with different toppings and garnishes. For example the soup and wontons in a separate bowl, the noodles being served relatively dry, with the toppings and garnishes, dressed with sauce, dipping the noodles in the soup to eat it. Malaysia offers different versions of the dish, with different states having different versions of the dish and there are versions from  Johor,  Pahang,  Perak, Penang,  Sarawak, and  Selangor. The Malaysian version differs from the original in having slices of  char siu  added to the dish, as well as the possibility of the soup and wontons in a separate bowl, the noodles being served relatively dry and dressed with  oyster sauce. The  Singapore  ver sion of  wanton noodle  is largely similar to the Malaysian version. Wonton noodles  are also very popular in  Thailand, where, as in Malaysia and Singapore, the dish is often ordered together with barbecued pork which is then called  bami mu daeng kiao   Bakkwa  is a  Chinese  salty-sweet  dried meat  product similar to  jerky, made in the form of flat thin sheets. It is normally made from  pork. Bakkwa is believed to have originated from a meat preservation and preparation technique used in ancient  China  that is still practiced in places with  Hokkien  influence. In  Malaysia,  Singapore, and the  Philippines  bakkwa  or  bagua  is the most widely used name. Cantonese speakers use the term  yuhk gÃ…Â n, Anglicised version  long yok, while in  China  and  Taiwan  the product is more commonly known as  rougan. Commercially available versions are sometimes labeled as barbecued pork, dried pork, or pork jerky. Bakkwa is particularly popular as a  snack  in  Macau,  Malaysia,  Singapore,  Taiwan  and the  Philippines. In Taiwan, it is regarded as one of the three pork delicacies. In Malaysia and Singapore, bakkwa has become a highly popular gift offered to visitors and acquaintances, as well as amongst corporate employees (some during the  Chinese New Year). In Muslim-majority countries like Malaysia,  halal  chicken varieties of the snack may be used as a gift substitute. It may also be served in functions such as  Chinese wedding  banquets and religious ceremony dinners. While demand is particularly high during the festive seasons, it is also served throughout the year in various outlets as takeaway snacks or to be served together with main courses at home. The meat is commonly sold in red-colored bags or packaging, an auspicious color in  Chinese culture. In this question, students will learned more about the Chinese food and get more cookings knowledge. Such as the ingredients that can make the tasty Chinese foods. Students also can make it while at home, increasing the cookings skill if could. Especially the students can continue to learning the Chineses cuisine, such as the ingredients to cooking the Chinese food, traditional cooking, provisions, rations, cuisine, and so on. Thats exceptionally effective for those students who expecting to working in Food and Beverage department, Kitchen department, or open a business for selling the Chineses traditional food. What is Chinese set? The history of Chinese cuisine in China traced back to Peking Man and his use of fire and the invention of cuisine some 400,000 years ago. Some other accounts of the history of Chinese cuisine takes the beginning to the Chinese stone age, where the cultivation of rice and the production of noodles, both typical representations of Chinese cuisine as it is known today, are understood from archaeological findings. Not long after the expansion of the Chinese Empire during the Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty, Chinese writers noted the great differences in culinary practices among people from different parts of the realm. These differences followed to a great extent the varying climate and availability of foodstuffs in China. Different ethnic groups might occupy only small areas, but early on, their cuisines were included in systematic lists of Chinese cuisines. Most Chinese cuisines belong to one of the Four Schools: Lu, Yang (named after Jiangsus major style, Huaiyang cu isine), Chuan and Yue. These are often translated as the cuisines of Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangsu and Guangdong. Table setting refers to the way to set a table with tableware-such as eating utensils and dishware-for serving and eating. The arrangement for a single diner is called a place setting. The table should have a centerpiece that performs a solely decorative function. If an informal dinner is being served that will fill the available places at the table, care should be taken to make the centerpiece not too large so that there will be sufficient room to place serving dishes. Informal settings generally have fewer utensils and dishes but use a stereotyped layout based on more formal settings. Utensils are arranged in the order and the way a person will use them. Usually in Western culture, that means that the forks, bread plate, spreader, and napkin are to the left, while knives, spoons, drink ware, cups, and saucers are to the right, although the left-right order is reversed in a minority of countries. The most formal dinner is served from the kitchen. When the meal is served, in addition to the place plate at each setting there is the roll, the napkin, and the following cutlery/silver: knives, spoons where applicable, to the right and forks to the left. Coffee is served in Butler Service style in demitasse and spoons are placed on the saucer to the right of each handle. The utensils at a formal dinner must be sterling silver. Serving dishes and utensils are not placed on the table for a formal dinner. The only exception to these general rules is the protocol followed at the Spanish royal court, which was also adopted by the Habsburg court: accordingly all utensils were placed on the right. At a less formal dinner, not served from the kitchen, the dessert fork and spoon can be set above the plate, fork pointing right, to match the other forks, spoon pointing left. There are a variety of configurations of cutlery on the market but are usually in groups of four groups of eight, but some are in groups of twelve. Most of the cutlery set is a set of five panel members, consisting of a salad fork, fork, a spoon, a spoon and a knife from the table. Appliance parts can have a spoonful of sugar, butter knife and serving well. Some cutlery sets simply consists of kitchen knives, where you have five kitchen knives, a sharpening or butcher and a wooden block bearings, which are the essential dignity. You can put a pair of kitchen scissors and will. At the upper end of these groups, some very used include various Diameter as the chefs knife, paring knife, bread knife, utility knife (for cutting vegetables, fruits and other questions a day) and maybe a knife or scissors. Students can learn about the Chineses table setting, and the menus about the Chineses cuisine that have to showing to customer. That is a useful and a knowledgeable for the hospitality students because Chineses cuisine having a lot of knowledgeable to let the students discovered. Moreover, we can learned how to making the Chineses menu if the students can imagine to open a big dining restaurant for serving the Chineses food by the Chineses table setting.

The Indian Triumph of Dionysus Essay -- Art Analysis

While visiting the Museum of Fine Arts Houston, I came across The Indian Triumph of Dionysus. Originating in Rome, it was created by a wealthy follower of Dionysus’s mystery cult in the late second century A.D. This worshiper evidently wanted to construct a sarcophagus in tribute of Dionysus’s accomplishments. Furthermore, Dionysus is surrounded by characters that are within the mystery cult because the creator wants the viewers to know with whom he is associated. With these two things combined, the patron hoped to shed light on a piece of history that they believed to be prominent during his life. The layout of the museum makes it very easy to find works of art from different time periods. Since I have always been fascinated with ancient Greece and Rome, I knew exactly where to start my search. The Indian Triumph of Dionysus is on display directly at the top of the staircase leading up to the second floor. It is surrounded by many other artifacts from ancient Greece and Rome. As your eyes move across the room, catching a glint of gold here and pearly white marble there, it’s very easy to become overwhelmed for a moment. As I reached the top of the stairs, it was evident that the staging of this magnificent piece was carefully planned. The staff of the museum undoubtedly wants this piece seen by each and every visitor. The exhibit itself is well done. If you stand directly in front of The Indian Triumph of Dionysus, everything around you seems to fade away and tunnel vision sets in. As I stood in front of The Indian Triumph of Dionysus, diligently taking notes since phot os are not allowed, I experienced an extreme spiritual connection to the past. I tried to put myself into the shoes of the author. What was his purpose? What d... ...t is also important to notice that every character seems to have wide eyes and dark circles drawn under their eyes. This is perhaps one of the most important aspects because the eyes show the underlying theme of complete inebriation. This in turn, proves the impact that Dionysus had on his followers as well as those who he conquered. Wine brought great power to its creator, and made a lasting impact on history. With these devices of communication, we are able to see that the follower wanted to capture Dionysus’s legacy by creating a sarcophagus of remembrance in his honor. Works Cited â€Å"MFAH Top 100 Highlights #35 - The Indian Triumph of Dionysus† Museum of Fine Arts Houston Online. 06 Apr. 2012. http://www.mfah.org/art/detail/dionysus-indian-triumph/ Unknown. The Indian Triumph of Dionysus. 2nd Century A.D. The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas.

Examination of Characters in Katherine Anne Porters Short Story He Ess

Examination of Characters in Katherine Anne Porter's Short Story He Katherine Anne Porter's moving and stylistically cohesive short story "He" contains much worth discussing. The story's characters are quite memorable and provide for interesting character studies; in addition, the plot and themes of the story are also noteworthy. The most elaborately detailed character is Mrs. Whipple. She is the dominating member of the Whipple family; despite her belief in "men's work" as opposed to women's, she seems to have a great deal of say in family decisions. Mrs. Whipple is extremely concerned with status and appearances -- indeed, overly so. This preoccupation of hers is prominent throughout the story, from beginning to end. She is concerned, first of all, with making sure that no one else is aware of her family's poverty. She mentions, when things are going particularly bad for the Whipple, that "[The neighbors]'ll be calling us poor white trash next," and we know that would be tantamount to death for Mrs. Whipple. She is so concerned with keeping up appearances, in fact, that she goes against the advice of her husband and butchers a sucking pig when her brother, his "plump wife" and two "roaring hungry" boys come to visit. Although this will hurt them in the long run, Mrs. Whipple simply cannot bear to adm it the inadequacy of her family's income. Mrs. Whipple knows her family, especially her the long run, Mrs. Whipple simply cannot bear to admit the inadequacy of her family's income. Mrs. Whipple knows her family, especially her "simple-minded" son, is not like others, but she tries desperately to make them appear normal. Thus her other preoccupation lies in protecting her "simple-minded" son. We learn that Mrs. ... ...s moving and darkly humorous look at family dynamics. It certainly makes a clear statement against concern for appearances at all costs. It also explores the idea of "motherly love" and how good intentions can go bad. In the end, however, this story is just appearances at all costs. It also explores the idea of "motherly love" and how good intentions can go bad. In the end, however, this story is just depressing. We feel very sorry for -- and a little true sympathy for -- Mrs. Whipple and her family. Nevertheless, we cannot agree that it was "a mortal pity He was ever born," for we know that "she had loved Him as much as she possibly could"; in light of all her other concerns and preoccupations, however, it just wasn't enough. Work Cited Porter, Katherine Anne. "He." The Literature of the American South. Ed. William L. Andrews. New York: Norton. 1998.

From Institutions to Inclusions Essay -- Special Education, Section 50

From Institutions to Inclusions During my Research on Special Education and how far it has come I found that Prior to the Eighteenth Century Children with Disabilities were often outcast from society, in fact they were often institutionalized in asylums away from the society. According to an article from about.com, the action of physically, mentally, and physiologically mistreating a student with a disability became illegal when Congress enacted what was then the "Education for All Handicapped Children Act" (Public Law 94-142) on Nov. 29, 1975. The law intended to support states and localities in protecting the rights of, meeting the individual needs of, and improving the results for infants, toddlers, children, and youths with disabilities and their families. According the NASET (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS) the term "inclusion or responsible inclusion" is a term used to identify the action of providing services to students with disabilities in the educational setting. Inclusion is commonly considered the least restrictive route and environment for students with disabilities (HICKS-MONROE) According to the text titled "100 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT SPECIAL EDUCATION PROCESS". It states under Federal Law Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) protects students and their parent/guardian. The definition of Special Education means, "Specially designed instruction, at no cost to parents/ guardians, to meet the unique needs of a student with a disability" (PIERANGELO/GIULIANI) To ensure each student with a disability is treated fairly the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was enacted. According to IDEA there are four specific purposes of this act. One It ensures a ... ...akes to get them where they deserve to be, and that is with the rest of the class. I know firsthand what it feels like to need help for your child that has a special need and how much it hurts and frustrates a parent when hurdles are placed in front of you. My child has needed a 504 Plan since Kindergarten and during her first year, we had no other choice, but to get an attorney because the school she attended refused to accommodate her needs. It was necessary for us to fight for her rights so she could attend school with her peers. When it comes to incorporating what I have learned about Special Education. I would try to teach my students by setting goals and objectives for each child early on. Try to teach as many concepts as possible to the group as a whole, and then teach the specific concepts to the smaller group or individuals that require the extra help.

Conservative vs Liberal

The 1964 Presidential election was an election that changed American history. For the first time since the 1932 Presidential election between Hoover and Roosevelt, the American population was able to choose a president from two candidates with opposing views and ideological mindsets. The United States was going through a time of change with protests, assassinations, and war, which caused social and political discomfort. After the assassination of President Kennedy on November 22, 1963, the country went into shock. Supporters of the charismatic Kennedy were deeply saddened feeling left without a leader with the same outlook and liberal mindset. Lyndon B. Johnson then took over the reign as President for the remaining year, hoping to carry out Kennedy’s ideologies and legislations. The following year during the 1964 Presidential race, he became the Democratic candidate, hoping to become re-elected as President. On the Republican side, Barry Goldwater was a renowned conservative, and after beating Governor Nelson Rockefeller, became the hope for all conservatives across the nation. In 1960, Presidential candidate Barry Goldwater established his conservative principles through The Conscience of a Conservative. Written at a time of great change in America with experiments in big government, the New Deal, and the climax of the Cold War, the views of Goldwater in the Conscience of a Conservative were looked at as revolutionary, yet controversial in the Republican eye. He believed and argued that freedom was the highest value in American society while also stating that compromising for something one does not believe in is unjust. In his book, Goldwater stated that he felt as though putting the power in the hands of a big government was not ideal. He believed that local small governments fit the best interest of the people. Goldwater said that we the people â€Å"can be conquered by bombs or by subversion; but we can also be conquered by neglect — by ignoring the Constitution and disregarding the principles of limited government† (Goldwater 14). He made it known that the power of the federal government in the hands of only a few could be seriously dangerous. He wrote in his book that American people â€Å"console themselves for being in tutelage by the reflection that they have chosen their own guardians. Every man allows himself to be put in lead-strings, because he sees that it is not a person nor a class of persons, but the people at large that hold the end of his chain† (Goldwater 25). Barry Goldwater made it clear through his book that freedom was vital in American society along with small state governments to support each individual person more directly. Lee Edwards states in the article HBO Hijacks Barry Goldwater’s Ideology that Goldwater â€Å"opposed the Bigs of America — Big Government, Big Business, Big Labor, and Big Media† (Edwards). While conservative Barry Goldwater stressed â€Å"in-state† ideologies and small governments, young adults and college students expressed their dire need for a leader. â€Å"The Port Huron Statement† was written at a Student for a Democratic Society (SDS) meeting in Port Huron, Michigan. Tom Hayden, a student at the University of Michigan, was the main leader and voice in the passionate proposal. He was a man who came from a working-class family in which honesty and justice were two main components in the way he lived his life. â€Å"The Port Huron Statement† was a manifestation of what the youth of America was feeling at the time. Most were dissatisfied with the way college administrators were trying to control their lives while others were frustrated that typical liberals were not supporting their freedom and civil rights movement efforts. They, unlike Goldwater, felt as though the federal government needed to play a much larger role in American society to dig them out of the nation’s widespread injustice. They expressed their frustration with a country that was once looked at as a nation of wealth, prosperity, and unlimited potential to now a nation with problems of degradation and war. In their statement they claimed, ‘â€Å"human degradation, symbolized by the Southern struggle against racial bigotry, compelled most of us from silence to activism. ’ ‘†¦Cold War, symbolized by the presence of the Bomb, brought awareness that we ourselves, and our friends, and millions of abstract â€Å"others† we knew more directly because of our common peril, might die at any time†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Levy 43). The SDS felt as though they could not let these two issues go unnoticed and made it clear in their statement when they said, â€Å"We might deliberately ignore, or avoid, or fail to feel all other human problems, but not these two, for these were too immediate and crushing in their impact, too challenging in the demand that we as individuals take the responsibility for encounter and resolution† (Levy 44). They showed other frustrations in such things like social classes and technology when they professed, â€Å"Although our own technology is destroying old and creating new forms of social organization, men still tolerate meaningless work and idleness. While two-thirds of mankind suffers under nourishment, our own upper classes revel amidst superfluous abundance† (Hayden). The SDS felt as though America as a whole was in a concrete hold with no direction on where to go. Throughout their statement they cried for leadership and reform and solid federal government to fix their needs. The SDS showed fear that such issues of overpopulation, degradation and racism, the need for advanced technology, economic and human spending in war, and fortification of totalitarian states would turn the land of opportunity into the regression of an era. The great change however in what the Student of a Democratic Society brought about was the thought of social issues. For once, citizens of America began thinking for themselves as opposed to relying on who was in charge. They had similarities with Goldwater in that they were extremists. They were the â€Å"New Left† and unlike American citizens before them, other than in the Civil Rights Movement, they felt as though head officials, including their college administrators, were out of line. Goldwater, although having completely different ideologies, was also considered an extremist in the Republican Party. He was looked at as being â€Å"The Far Right†. The SDS felt as though whoever was in charge of America needed to make a stand and fight for what they believed in, but unlike Goldwater, they did want a strong central government that could lead them out of their sorrows. Lyndon B. Johnson, the President at the time, felt it was his duty to fulfill the needs of America’s future. Like his fellow predecessor, President Kennedy had wanted to do during his Presidency, Johnson wanted to pass legislation to fill the needs of America. In May of 1964, President Johnson addressed the issues brought before him through a speech at the University of Michigan. President Johnson addressed the main issues of America and gave the students a direction in which the nation was now headed. He stated, â€Å"The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use that wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization† (Levy 106). Johnson had a vision to build a society without poverty, racial discrimination and injustice, as well as a land of opportunity that was sought out by each individual to reach their own personal goals in life. It was portrayed in Peter Levy’s book, America in the Sixties-Right, Left, and Center, that the goals of Johnson were to not settle for a society that was just rich or powerful, but to develop a society that was â€Å"Great†. He wanted to have a society with unlimited growth and potential in which every citizen has the right to equality and a satisfying life. He shows this in his speech when he says, â€Å"build a society where progress is the servant of our needs, or a society where old values and new visions are buried under unbridled growth. For in your time we have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society† (Levy 106). He felt as though the past should be no more, and that the future should hold a society in which all questions of race, prosperity, equality, and potential would not be left unanswered. The development of a Great Society was unlike anything Barry Goldwater supported. The foundation of this new society would put the power into the hands of the federal government, and although democratic, did its job in satisfying the needs of the people but under the supervision of a select few. The Great Society set off a chain reaction of revolutionary and fulfilling acts and reforms in the mid-1960s. While the main goals were to eliminate all racial inequalities and poverty in the country, other issues in health care, education, and living conditions suburbs and urban areas. President Johnson first started with fixing issues America by cutting taxes. In doing so, the Gross Nation Product rose ten percent and a full economic growth by almost five percent within only a few years. During this time of economic reform and growth, the Civil Rights Movement was taking full strides and segregation was growing as well (1960s). In 1964, shortly after Johnsons Presidential campaign took ride, he began passing legislation that Kennedy could not. Not until the death of President Kennedy and sorrow that came with it, was Johnson able to manipulate and convince members of the House to pass such revolutionary and controversial pieces of legislation that would shape America forever. Kennedy, being a youthful and confident president with liberal ideas had trouble getting the House to pass legislation that he was initiating. Another issue was that President Kennedy was the first Catholic president elected which brought some distilled proars among the House. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the first main pieces of legislation to be passed. This act disallowed segregation and racial discrimination in all public institutions and the workforce. Equality reforms in voting took place the following year. The Voters Rights Act of 1965 allowed all minorities to have an equal say in voting and registration. Meeting financial and health needs began progressing with the passing of the Social Security Act of 1965. This act introduced Medicare to the public and provided the elderly with more funding from the government. Lastly, education began receiving needed benefits when the Higher Education Act of 1965 amplified federal money given to universities. This helped enable low-interest loans and scholarships, which gave hope for higher education to all students of America. At the same time, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 provided significant federal aid to public schools. The legislation passed because of the cry by the youth of America and vision of Lyndon B. Johnson paved the way for the future of the nation. Without the determination of President Johnson, the entire nation might not have received the remuneration it needed. There were many reasons why Goldwater lost the presidential election in 1964, some of which were out of his control. The death of Kennedy provided sympathy to the democratic side and with the economy being stable at the time, the incumbent candidate, Johnson, received great press from the media. This then allowed his face to be that of America at the time and what the future could hold. Goldwater had issues to begin with while trying to revolutionize his extreme right mindset, which alienated the moderate wing of the party. This then split up the party, which made it almost impossible for Goldwater to receive the support he needed from the Republican Party. Goldwater was unlike most conservatives in American society at the time. His ideas in his book The Conscience of a Conservative brought forth alternative ideas to the liberal mindset that was being brought forth through such a time of change and democratic reform. In his book, Goldwater made it clear that the difference between Conservatives and Liberals was that Liberals tended to be more materialistic while Conservatives looked at the entirety of a man. He also felt as though all Liberals needed was economic and social satisfaction while Conservatives believed that along with economic stability, one’s spiritual stability was only secured by oneself, not from outside sources (Goldwater 4). Although Goldwater was unsuccessful in creating a more conservative America, he did create a foundation as to what America could have been if he had been elected president. For one, Goldwater believed that if a state felt it were fit, that separate but equal was suitable. He also felt strongly in the role of local and state governments as opposed to big governments. So, looking at this, and although it does seem like a plausible ideology that could possibly work to get the freedoms of each individual, each state would almost be as if it were its own country. There were could be roughly fifty small nations inside of one giant nation that all followed different rules. This would lead to a completely divided country where there could be complete anarchy in each state, if wanted. With one central government, Americans are allowed to share what they feel are the most important issues, like the SDS did, and have the leaders in which were elected by the people, do their best to fix them. Goldwater also believed that consumer prices and huge tax bills kept hindered the work of farmers. He felt as though big taxes and consumer prices in business kept less productive farmers in the business, thus taking some finances from more productive farmers. His thoughts were that there should be no regulations at all and that all farmers should be in a free open market fighting against them. In addition to taxes, Goldwater felt strongly about a man’s right to property. Goldwater felt that what a man earned was what one puts on their property. And, a tax on property, was therefore a tax on their wages, and in Goldwater’s eyes, a tax on wages was a tax on freedom. The tax on man’s property was parallel to his thought that one should have privacy to their should be dictated by the â€Å"†¦individuals and families, by churches, private hospitals, religious service organizations, community charities and other institutions that have been established for this purpose† (Goldwater 68). His views related to the freedom of the spirit and material of a man and that in a capitalistic society, taking away the responsibility of a man’s materials means taking away the entire freedom of a man. Goldwater felt strongly about the power of state and local governments over big governments. He felt as though each state should hold its laws against tax, segregation, and education as opposed to one government holding it for the entire nation. He felt as though this was the only way in which each individual man could be responsible for his own property and individual rights. If one was unsatisfied with the right held in a state, they then could move to a body of people that held their same views. Goldwater’s ideologies and philosophies were ideas of what would later be viewed as revolutionary in the common conservative. Barry Golderwater’s book, The Conscience of a Conservative, his extremist ideologies, along with feelings set forth by the SDS, and the legislations put through under President Johnson were all huge impacts on America. Goldwater, although lost in a landslide, built the foundation for the modern era Republican. Without his thoughts and ideals about local and state governments over big governments, small businesses getting the same share as big businesses, and freedom is most important value in American society, the thoughts of Republicans could be left completely one-sided and concrete. The â€Å"Port Huron Statement† brought about the idea for American citizens to have a voice, and for the youth of America to stand up and think for them. No longer will people rely on others to make all decisions for them. Tom Hayden was revolutionary in free speech and standing up for what he believed in. He felt as though there were issues in America and unjust laws that needed to be re-established. Without his and the SDS, students of America might be completely different rules. Lastly, Lyndon B.  Johnson and the reform of the Great Society was the stepping-stone to true freedom in America. First, without Hayden and SDS, Johnson might not have responded with such an enlightening reform. Passing acts that allowed all races to have the same equalities, educational funding which enabled all students the right to a better education, and elderly money to live and be healthy all paved the way for America in the future. Without all three, America might have been a completely different nation.Work Cited http://www.history.com/topics/1960s http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=17198