Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization - probe ExampleCollectively, they explained the dynamics of the global business landscape and the variables that drive the numerous processes at work at heart it. Concepts such as culture, technology, knowledge and the legal and political diversities found in various national economies in all combined to demand new and complex requirements for multinational companies. These has called for their transformation as truly global organizations done changes in their organizational structure and the adoption of new business strategies in post to address the alone(predicate) challenges and issues posed by the global environment.Before this module began, I have an inkling on what globalization is and its impact on both organizations, national economies and consumers. But my knowledge was limited to the superficial, abstract and general concepts. For instance, I know that globalization threatens local companies and could endanger their very survival because of the superio r strength of the resources available to multinational companies that are invading the local market. But this module enlightened me further on the fact that it is non always easy for multinational companies to do this. ... (p8-9) Secondly, there is the form of globalization that relates to the way organizations structure, control and coif their value-chains in terms of global operations. This is done according to the availability of resources, cost levels, skills, quality and a forces of other variables. (p. 9) These two forms of globalization supposedly were responsible for the emergence and the perpetuation of multinational companies who have already surpassed small national-economies in revenue generation. The third form, is characterized by how globalization adversely impacts several areas such as the democratic system, the environment, national cultures and identities, among others. (p. 12) The sheer complexity of the globalization economic model, hence, calls for a multidi mensional approach by which stakeholders navigate its processes. Stonehouse, Campbell and Hamill emphasized, for example, that it should already be obvious how multinational/transnational companies must never adopt a global strategy that is primarily characterized by global standardization because it will fail. (p. 8) Companies have to make several(prenominal) fine-tuning in their strategies every time they enter a market. The reason is that each country has its own national circumstance. This can also be demonstrated in the numerous organizational configurations developed in order to pursue different objectives and address specific areas in the global business environment (see figure 1). Motives, Strategies and organizational Configurations (Source Bartlett and Beamish) As I saw from the diversity in organizational structure, I understood the finger in rejecting a global standards in strategy. For example, the Centralized Hub organizational model may work in some economies or ma rkets with fierce competition but may not

School management Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

School management - information Essay ExampleThe unit serves as a foundation for years 2 and 3.How a mensurate Added Framework can explain the UKs economic decline assess Added its calculation and its importance How do markets work apply markets for cost recovery New technology, direct exports and Globalisation to increase cost recoveryUsing one-year report and accounts to analyse a business Institutional conditions and their impact on business Using the Value Added Framework (a) The case of privatisation (b) Structural factors and how they affect business.Within these themes we separate and de-contextualise the key areas of market, productive and financial performance. ulterior we reinstate context in order to first, investigate the institutional conditions and secondly, examine how both internal and out-of-door forces affect the firm/industry.The lectures are organised into three themes with each lecture introducing and developing a untried topic/issue or debate while stead ily contextualising our understanding to show inter-relations between topics/issues. onward attending each lecture you are expected to read at least one article related to the topic area in addition to the course textbook readings (see lecture programme).The worThe shop classs provide the prospect to discuss issues related to the lecture and to develop your understanding of the topic while deepening grasp of the subject. The doctrine structure will vary but will include discussion of key issues and a teeny-weeny individual/group presentation. During most hebdomads you will receive a worksheet which you must complete for the following weeks workshop as it will serve as a basis for discussion. Additionally, you must present a unforesightful case study based on a company. Key BibliographyIndividual sets of readings are indicated for each week of the course. Recommended textbookHaslam, C. and Neale, A. (2000)

Meso-American civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Meso-American refining - Essay physical exercisewhen the Sumerians arrived in this region. Chinese civilization is among the oldest, dating back to before 3000 B.C. Early Indian civilization was extremely developed as evidenced through the civilizations of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa that develop din the region of the valley of the river Indus and its tributaries.Egyptian civilization was one of the earliest to develop the system of writing through hieroglyphics (www. projectshum.org). Mesopotamian writing in the form of hieroglyphs overly ranks among the earliest known in the world, with some Sumerian writing even older than the Egyptian. Writing among the Meso American civilizations developed later, alike in the form of hieroglyphs with some phonetic elements, which were written in numerous columns or stelae. The ancient Indian scripts were in the form of the Indus script which has not yet been deciphered.The art of the Meso American occlusion comprised massive stone sculptures more than two metres in height, of square jawed flat lipped warriors. This was similar to Mesopotamian art, which was also characterized by sculptures of gods in human forms, assuming a highly decorative aspect. Humans were also unite with animals to produce fantastic sculptures.(www.huntfor.com). The best known art work of the Chinese period is that which developed during the Ming dynasty, comprising vases and some other decorative objects. One of the best known art works of the Egyptian period are the great pyramids of Giza and monumental statutes of the Pharoah. The first American monuments as constructed during the Meso American period are also pyramids which have sacred significance and where pilgrims climb to the top, unlike the smooth sided pyramids of Egypt. Early Indian civilizations demonstrated well planned cities strengthened of brick with wide streets, public and private bathing platforms and reservoirs.

Measure and Light Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Measure and Light - Essay ExampleThis rear end be enjoyed at the simplest level by anyone, even birds are mentioned, but there are as well those who understand the science of music how it fakes , how it constructs links , how it can be composed. He quotes St Augustine of Hippo from the fourthly century C.E. in De musica1 as say that this is the science of music, a mathematical science. Music is describe as an expression of relationships, a mathematical relationship. Augustines claim was that number was needed to prevent chaos within the universe. Because these are mathematical concepts the same principles can be applied in the field of the optic arts. In the mediaeval period it was believed that contemplation of geometry would lead on to thoughts of the divine, pointing to what lies outside our normal fields of vision. Augustine get that both music and architecture strike this aesthetic value. Augustine was assured that architecture uses this science of number, but was aw are that not every architect was necessarily aware of the rules, even though he could apply them. He considered though that there could be no building of beauty unless the rules were both applied and could be seen to have done so. The whole creative process has to be taperd within a framework of mathematical rules, of harmony and proportion. The contemplation of such things were believed to lead to a revelation of paragon. Mention is made of wave subsequently wave of iconoclasm which aimed to limit this aim of gothic art, but which was never able to fully suppress it. kind of as time passed new styles emerged , ever more fitted to produce the religious experience aimed for . The science of Solomon is quoted , saying of God Thou hast ordered all things in measure in number and weight , ( Wisdom 11 v 21),2 with the complete creation being seen a heavenly composition, but also an delicate or architectural one. As part of this the buildings were seen as being right in the will of God as they produce feelings of both awe and reverence of the divine. This, according to Curtius, was the world view of the time. They take the place in western Christianity, of the icon among Orthodox Christians, where thought processs about the ultimate take the form of visual beauty. both important strands of thought are described the unusual version of Platonism based in Chartres, and from Clairvaux a more spiritual aspect. There was an emphasis upon mathematics and the consequences of such thinking. The word architect is discussed with its two other(a) meanings that of the simple mason and also the cleric in charge of a building. Then later came the idea of the architect not as a craftsman but as a scientist, a theoreticus of his art, who preferably deliberately uses scientific principles to achieve what is required. The author points how we must not impose modern ideas of what an architect is upon these medieval builders. We know value great craftsmanship, but such worke rs were little valued in that period, as compared with the theoreticus. notice that link with the word theory . These men were clerics. They did not actually create physical things, climb ladders or use building tools. That was the task of skilled craftspeople. Boethius is mentioned, with his idea that mere carrying out rules to create a work of art if akin to slavery , whereas knowledge of the science from which a work is created is like being a

The musical thought and influence of Brian Eno Essay - 1

The musical thought and regulate of Brian Eno - Essay ExampleThis resource is very relevant for the topic of study, considering that it traces the history of Brian Eno and what he has been able to do in music, which earns him a name. Through this source, we get to understand that while music has been introduced with different aims, Brian Enos modern-day music, which he has referred as the ambient music, has been customized to, and intended for a special place, or meant to elicit a particular clime. He has sought to influence the people in different contexts, with music that is particularly tailor-made for that purpose. Consequently, he introduced ambient music for airports, after wondering how the architects of an airport in Germany would have managed to be very too-careful with the floor plan, but neglect the essence of having a soundtrack in the airport terminal. Brian Eno is held in high appreciate as a visionary record producer, ambient composer and leading sound experiment alist. His influence is actually snarl based on the choice and the diversity of the musical genres and subjects he handles, such that despite being a confirmed atheist, Brian Eno has gone ahead and done an album inspired by Christian gospel music. Thus, he has been able to traverse different what he refers to as community music, music that is all-encompassing and all-inclusive, by establishing music that is able to transcend the individuality and sense of self, and making an individual to completely surrender to the tone, mood and texture elicited by the music.

Judicial restraint and judicial activism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

discriminatory restraint and judicial figureivism - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, the doctrine of judicial restraint holds the self-reliance that the courts are supposed to submit to the decisions made by the executive and legislative branches. This is because the people elect the professorship and the members of the Congress and the federal judiciary members are not. The courts are also supposed to submit to the agency decisions and rules. In other words, under this doctrine, the courts are not supposed to hinder the implementation of agency rules and legislative acts unless they are precisely unconstitutional. For instance, many states before the typeface of Roe v. Wade held that abortion was illegal, regulated sodomy, made paederastic sodomy and adultery a crime (Bardes, Schmidt, and Shelley 459).Judicial activism approach is appropriate because the courts are able to act in an independent manner. In other words, the courts can make their decisions without the influence o f the executive and the legislature. These two branches of the political relation (executive and legislature) at times make decisions that only serve their interests and not that of the people (Bardes, Schmidt, and Shelley 459). For instance, the in Griswold v. CT case of 1965, the court suggested that the rights to privacy existed and thus, the case overturned the Connecticut law that regulated birth

The Importance of Customer Care Service and the Effect of It on Our Essay

The Importance of Customer Care Service and the Effect of It on Our Culture and participation - Essay ExampleThis research will begin with the statement that most people would agree with the fact that node profit accounts for unrivaled of the most important component of an organizations oerall line of descent strategy. Without clients organizations cannot go forward to continue their businesses. Every organization generally has the thought that they provide good client dish up however, inadequacy of certain necessary steps to ensure this can make the situation furthest worse than their present perceptions. However, the commitment towards customer service must begin at the top and separate out down towards the lower levels of the organization. It is crucial that business leaders buy into the fat they are not tho required to meet customer expectations but must also strive to gain excellence in the domain. For this it is important that they must create an organizational cultur e which strives to watch, execute and implement risque quality customer service in the system. In todays world of cut throat competition, organizations regard high quality service customer service as a prerequisite for having an extra edge over competitors. When customers are not satisfied with the service provided by a company they have ample filling to choose from another company. Initiative from the top management coupled with proper training and development program, a company would be successful in developing a culture which is conductive and embraces excellent customer services. Proper training and development program is an excellent way of creating a culture in which employees understand organizations expectations of them whole interacting with customers. The need for customer feedback for tracking and measuring business performance through the level of service is considered to be equally sizeableness. The present assignment seeks to bring forth critical analysis regarding the use and importance of customer care services in organizations. This is done in the light of previous research on the message, empirical evidences and examples of such electronic companies such as Apple and Samsung. It brings forth the impacts of such services in these organizations o their businesses and customer perceptions. The importance of customer care service and the effect of it on our culture and society- circumstantial Analysis The present study synthesizes and builds on efforts for conceptualizing the impacts of quality, value and satisfaction on the behavioural intentions of customers. The study depicts fresh advancement made in the areas of customer care services in organizations in the light of service marketing theories and also puts forth notable findings on the subject. One of the key features noted by researchers to duty tour competitive in the market is to deliver a product or level of service which is fantastic or, which distinguishes the companys busine ss from the others. The idea is to draw a distinct line between ones own services from that of the other firms. This must be in terms of catering to customers ineluctably and requirements, maintaining quality of the services and also providing after sales services to customers. Extensive research has been conducted on the subject and they typically are of the perspective that customer satisfaction can have a positive opinion on the profitability of an organization. Because of this reason, the reasons for customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction must always be considered. Research shows a positive correlation between customer satisfaction, loyalty and customer remembering. Thus the three aspects of satisfaction, loyalty and retention are some of the key factors on which organizational success depends (Singh, 2006, p.1). According to

Maurya's Understanding of the Relationship between God, Humans and Essay

Mauryas Understanding of the Relationship between idol, Humans and record - Essay ExampleIt brings out aclear credenceof human beings on theirreligionand matinee idol on the various aspects of temperament and deitys plans and outcomes that they cannotcontrol. We canidentifythis religionin religion andfearof nature when Maurya makes aremarkof desperation saying, immortal sp atomic number 18 us, and well not see him again. Hehas gonenow, and when the desolatenight is falling Ill have no son left me in the world (Synge, 2008). Itfurtherdemonstrates the interdep wipeoutence of humans on theirreligionandnaturefor survival even though the various fates that may befall them. They depend upon the sea for food for survival and of Godscontroland protection against the various risk fatalities that face them. Gods determination in Mauryas tone In the play, Maurya depicts continual belief in God to be herprotector. This is to protect both her and men in her family. She believes in theove rallpowerandcontrolof God over all people and nature. She acknowledges the fact that all humans andnatureargon Gods creations and that they aredifferententities functioning independently and shineing each other. Additionally, she believes that a human can affect the functioning andstateof nature and vice versa. As such, people live indreadof the approximative possibilities that the sea holds against them that they can neither control nor predict. They, therefore,optfor Godsprotectionand put faith in their religions to admirer them cope with such fears. Even after losing all the other men in her family to the sea with the analogous faith, Maurya still believes in prayer. This shows the need forreligionandfaithin dealing with what one cannotcontrolthat instills fear. Maurya holds herfaithfor fear of her remaining sons life until the time when hetoo escape valved from her by nature, and she makes peace with God, her faith and fear of the unknown fatalities of nature. This is eviden t in theremarkthat They are all abruptlynow there is nothing else greater theseacan do to me (Synge, 2008). Natures role in Mauryaslife It is ironical that Maurya fears the sameseathat she mainly depends on for daily food. Her life is full of constant fear for the lives of the men in her family against the sea that feeds them (Synge, 2008). Though she acknowledges the fact that the sea and the winds are whatprovidethem with food andtransport, she lives in theconstantrisks they pose to her family. Over the years, she has lost many men to the sea, hardly theirdependencyon the sameseafor life leads them toacceptsuch risks and their fates to theseato ensure they are able tomaintainlife. She finds herself to be helpless to the fatalities of theseato her family as one by one escape from her. As a result, theyacceptthe deaths of those taken by theseaand continue on with their fishing activities withfaithin theirreligionfor protection against facing the same fates. Mauryas acceptance of go d and natures roles of death in her life is evident in Mauryas response to Bartley when she says, and I, an old woman looking for the grave? (Synge, 2008). This shows her acceptance of death. Towards the end of the play, Maurya accepts the sad fact that all humans mustdieat one time or another through various means.She accepts that her lostfamilyis nowtogetherin accordance to her religious faith and further prays for the protection of the still living

Lighting Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

lighten Critique - Essay ExampleThe placing of lights at the stage has been a success to the musical play. However, some time the lights have caused some hitches during different performances. According to a number of people, many different lights are manifold in the musical and create complexity in the operation. For example, the scene of be our guest involves computerized pop up candles. If the computer fails, the scene cannot take place as it is supposed to and information the candles bring cannot be achieved.The musical, violator and the beast has been written with many short and different scenes. In theatre, the scenes have been differentiated to show twenty-four hours and night by use of light. At the beginning, light is used to show the stage arrangement thusly creating a high-quality view for the audience to study the stage setting. In this scene, light is used to illuminate the stage. dim has also been used to emphasize different moments that differ in their moods. Whe n the beast and belle have a sentimentalist scene, there is a lavender lighting. This lighting has been able to emphasize on the romantic scene despite having a human being and a beast act this part. When the merchant is lost in the forest, he finds himself in front of a palace where he is forced to seek for shelter. In theater, lights are usually used to show the difference between the forest and the palace. Lights used for the palace bring a fulgent look into the building providing the audience with a beautiful view.Light can be used to march the altering position in time and space during a performance. This is shown in the scenes that have to run concurrently on stage. Light has been used to emphasize the scenes as they run. Dim lights are used on the dormant(ip) scenes and brighter ones on the current scene. For the musical, this has been a success. In the musical, lighting has been perfectly used to emphasize different measure of the day. Blue has been used to show scen es created in the night, whereas red and orange has been used to

Business strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business strategy - Assign handst ExampleI strongly believe that Robin lummox and the Merrymen need a completely novel plan. Considering the wake of the tremendous changes in the way of operation of the Sheriffs men, who have adopted new shipway of operating characterized by adequate money, apposite organization and efficient coordination of activities. To be at bar with the Sherriffs men, the Merrymen have to a caboodleon the old ways and forge new ways of performing their activities. This is immensely attributed by the fact that, there a continuous increase of the raft men and this has caused depletion of the scarce resources such as food. The band has to move to an expanded place and work towards ways of having an organized band. The new methods of operation should ensure that, all the men are known and their roles defined. For instance, the band men can be grouped into a group of 20 men with their leader. Such strategies depart modify their commander, Robin Hood to know al l his men by name. This is a fundamental move because it will make it easy to identify the spies who might move into the band without being recognized.Think about your ram analysis, and answer the next 4 questions. Think about how each of the 4 opportunities would help (or not help) to work on Robin Hoods problems. A plan that does not solve our problems or achieve our goals is useless. similarly a plan that we cannot execute is also useless.This is a good idea because a large quadriceps will enable the large number of men who have joined the group to be identified. In addition, in a larger space, it is easy for the band men to mark their territory and any onrush enemy. Moreover, the larger space will offer humble time for proper organization and execution of the bands activities.A fixed transit tax is a sensible thing because it will indite time for negotiating. This is uniform rate for every merchant involved in transportation. This implies that

Parental Substance Misuse the effects on Children Essay

Parental Substance Misuse the effects on Children - study ExamplePregnancy and parenthood are important events to all people. They can serve as the goad for substance abusers to seek treatment, to continue treatment, and/or to seek assistance for their children. Parenthood may present a major opportunity for assisting clients in their treatment and assessing the needs of their children. This review has been prepared with the intention of encouraging efforts to do to this opportunity in the United Kingdom. The proportion of women in drug abuse treatment programs or in need of drug abuse treatment has been increasing. During 2004, 30% of all admissions to drug treatment were female. (Rosenbaum, 2005)Much slight is known and documented about the risks of child maltreatment associated with parental cocaine use. This is true despite the preponderance of cocaine use and evidence that cocaine dependency can substantially incapacitate the user (Robins, 2000). A May 2000 United Kingdom st udy yielded an extremely conservative estimate that some 2.2 million incline are hard core cocaine soaks. Such users are reportedly over represented among the homeless and persons arrested for crimes. (Saunders, 2002)According to a study The addicts who break into our homes, turn our neighbourhoods into war zones, and spread disease by change their bodies are not casual, once-a-month users of illicit drugs-they are UKs hard core addicts. The children of the hard core addict suffer even more severely, often from physical abuse, and always from neglect. (Babbie, 2001)Generational continuity in the use of alcohol and drugs is documented in a number of recent studies (Coombs & Dickson, 2001). Adolescents are more believably to drink and use other drugs if their parents do. For example, Kandel and associates (2002) found that 82% of drinking families rise youth who also drink, mend 72% of abstaining families produce

Skullcandy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Skullcandy - Essay ExampleThe aim of this report is to spotlight the squad twist used in the development of sassy fruits at Skullcandy. In addition, the report would also highlight the reasons for adopting such a team organise along with the sizing and growth of the club. The team structure utilize for the new crop development at Skullcandy was a mixture of topologies. It was observed that from senior management to employees, all single employee was involved in the development process. This indicates that the team structure applied was a mixture of whippersnapper and heavyweight topologies. Types of developments teams include functional teams, lightweight teams, heavyweight teams and autonomous team structures. At Skullcandy, the team structure that was applied for the new product development was a combination of lightweight and heavyweight team structures. however because the troupes size was small, the troupe was focusing more on lightweight team structure and generally smaller firms rely on lightweight team structure.... The aim of this team was to gain initial sales contracts based on the prototypes provided by the designers. d) The last team that was involved in the new product development was for design refinement. This evidence proves that the team structure used in the development of new product was lightweight. On the other hand, the heavyweight team structure was also involved in the development of new product. Some of the evidence for the involvement of heavyweight teams area as follows a) Josh Poulsen was responsible for handling the lightweight teams so that they could meet their deadlines effectively. b) Dan Levine was responsible for taking major decisions regarding the product. c) Before the manufacturing of the product, the last decision was taken by Rick Alden, the founder of the company, as tooling of the product entails large irreversible investment. Growth and Size Influencing increment Process The company that came into existe nce to provide the customers with headphones that could serve dual purpose was smaller in size but the company was growing at a very fast pace. In its initial years, the company broke its $1 cardinal in sales in 2005 and in the following year, the company was adequate to(p) to increase its sales up to $10 million. In 2007, the company was able to attract most of the customers and the revenues of the company accounted for $35 millions. In the following year, the company was able to double its sales figures and revenues. The sales figure for 2008 was $86.5 million followed by over $100 million. This indicates that the company was doubling its sales figures which eventually led to the growth of the company but was unable to enhance its size. To meet the demands of the

Experiences Pt.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Experiences Pt.2 - Essay ExampleIt furthermore provides them with the opportunity of staying physically gybe and healthy. What I took home from this experience, in addition to fine tuning my body, is how to plan and organize activities, exploring new places for climbing, supporting members to keep climbing till they reach the top and celebrating with them at a time we reached the peak. In addition to being a source for doing something I love, this club has helped me better enhance my leadership and communication skills.With the recent dire situations divergence on in Gaza, I now believe more than ever that I should be stipulation a chance to become a medical professional so I can bear peoples lives. Having been brought up in economically and pecuniaryly backward situations, I have everlastingly been at a disadvantage since my birth. I have only seen my family struggling, and in order to fend for the family, once I was old enough I started to help my father with the family busi ness too. Despite the lack of financial resources, we together as a family have strived into leading at least an average life. Although I am fortunate my family now considers the US as our home, my roots of being a Palestinian have forever and a day caused me misery. When an individual is afraid to speak of their origin to others, it becomes clear that others are prejudiced and racially discriminating against them, and my theatrical role is no different. Thus, I always felt as an outcast and I never had the fortune of judgment a good affiliation no matter where I

Criminal Law 2000 word assessment - part 2 Essay

Criminal Law 2000 word assessment - part 2 - experiment ExampleKirk says that he tried to sound the car horn so that they would all jump bring out the way but that the horn failed to work.suggest Kirk in relation to ships of s18 Offences Against the Person Act 1861, with s20 in the alternative. Advise Sally in relation to s20 Offences Against the Person Act 1861 with s47 in the alternative. Do not discuss some(prenominal) other offences.Under the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 assaults are determined by reference to particles 46, 18 and section 20. Prosecutors will assess the level of the charge in accordance with the seriousness of the injuries of the victim as salubrious as the intention of the defendant. The lowest of the charges for assault covered by the OAPA 1861 is a s47 assault. This will be super supercharged in circumstances where the victim sustains actual bodily ruin1. Section 47 defines actual bodily harm as any hurt that has been calculated to affect the health or comfort of the victim. Under this heading, thither is no requirement for the hurt to be permanent but it has to be more than transient and trifling2. Offences charged under this section are classified as either way offences, which means that the matter rump be tried in the Magistrates court or the vest court. The decision for the matter to be referred to the crown court is usually based on whether the prosecution determines that the sentencing powers of the Magistrates would be inadequate. Cases where a s47 have been charged accept incidents where the victim has lost or broken a tooth, has suffered a temporary loss of sensory functions which could let in losing consciousness3, has received a broken nose or extensive or multiple bruising. A s47 charge might also be brought for minor fractures and cuts as well as psychiatric injury4. Proof is found applying the test of recklessness5.A higher degree of injury could result in the accused being charged with a s20 assault6. Section 20

Research Survey Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Survey image - Essay ExampleFrom sample results, the researcher generalizes or makes claims about the population. In an experiment, investigators may also give away a sample and generalize to a population however, the basic intent of an experiment is to test the concussion of a treatment (or an intervention) on an outcome, controlling for all other factors that might influence that outcome. (Creswell, 2003, p 154). Therefore, innovation a research prospect plan incorporates some(prenominal) fundamental factors and this study focuses on designing a plan for the procedures to be used in a survey study based on a checklist for designing a survey method.Analyzing the essential components of a survey method plan, one realizes that the design of a survey method section closely follows a standard format and there are several types of such formats available in research journals. They have the fundamental characteristic of providing effective models of this strategy of investig ation. In preparing the essential components of a survey method plan, it is also important to follow some fundamental aspects of the checklist questions provided in the Creswell text. In a proposal or plan, one of the first parts of the method section female genital organ introduce readers to the basic purpose and rationale for survey research. Begin the discussion by reviewing the purpose of a survey and the rationale for its selection as a design in the proposed study. (Creswell, 2003, p 154). Therefore, it is important to identify, in such a discussion, the purpose of survey research as well as to indicate wherefore the survey method has been prefer as the data collection procedure for the research. The main purpose of the survey research is to generalize from a sample to a population in order that inferences regarding the attitude or behavior of the population can be easily made. The rationale for indicating why the survey method has been preferred as the data

Power the Structure of Conflict Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

force the Structure of Conflict - Case Study ExampleBringing both the parties at level with each other through communication is the greatest task of mediation aiming at eliminating power abuse. In the attached case study, Roland makes use of his power through verbal bullying and abuse with his partner and the subordinates, which makes him less everyday among them due to which people working under him are suffering through job dissatisfaction. Power dissymmetry between the two partners, Roland and Karen, makes them enter into conflicts every now and then and since Karen seems to be in less power, this makes her instrumental and more understanding. Roland can deal with the conflicts in a intermit way by communicating with the workers on friendly terms and making them feel at ease with him so that they share their ideas with him and a better solution is approached. But since, Roland wants to use his power therefore he is less understanding and is imposing his decisions upon the ot hers.

Political Leadership Essay Example for Free

Political Leadership EssayPolitical Leadership and the Problem of the Charismatic reason Author(s) Carl J. Friedrich Source The Journal of Politics, Vol. 23, No. 1, (Feb. , 1961), pp. 3-24 Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Southern Political erudition Association St open URL http//www. jstor. org/stable/2127069 Accessed 04/08/2008 1734 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs impairment and Conditions of Use, available at http//www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp.JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained preceding permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any promote use of this work. Publisher contact in sortingation may be obtained at http//www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCod e=cup. Each retroflex of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a viridity research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more than information about JSTOR, please contact emailprotected org. http//www. jstor. org governmental LEADERSHIP AND THE PROBLEM OF THE CHARISMATIC POWER* CARLJ. FRIEDRICH Harvard University.introduced sociology into and its derivatives, THE TERM charisma many years ago by a Germansociologist, has lately been spreading into political science here and abroad. The intellectuals desire to sound profound by the use of unfamiliar words may have a share in this fad, precisely it would have the appearance _or_ semblance that the term also responds to a very real need. One recent writer goes so out-of-the-way(prenominal) as to define charisma as the right to rule by virtue of what they (the leaders) have been and are. unneeded to say, such vagueness is a far cry from the original usage.1 In position to be able to assess the utility of the concept of charismatic leadership, charismatic authority (and legitimacy) and charismatic reason and rule, it will be necessary to clarify the phenomena of top executive, rule and leadership which are supposed to be qualified by this type of being charismatic. fountain is a central concern of political science. It is a phenomenon which is universally recognized, but problematic to understand. Like all data of the real world, it defies rigorous description. Most famous among the attempts at interpretation is that of Hobbes.He states that origin is the present means to secure approximately future apparent good. (Leviathan Chap. 10) Such a definition ( tempor ary hookup historically important as a challenge to the traditional notion that what is good can be authoritatively known)2 is both too broad and too narrow. Too broad, because it makes it im practical to distinguish power from wealth for what is wealth but a present *Based upon a paper delivered at the 1960 Annual get together of the American Political Science Association, New York, on September 9, 1960.The problems here discussed will be more fully developed within a systematic context in a forthcoming password on this and related issues. Max Weber, Wirtschaft und GeselIschaft, 1922, Part I, Chap. 3, paras. 1014 Part III, Chap. 9, and elsewhere. An abbreviated edition of Talcott Parsons and Henderson was published under the ennoble The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. The discussion of charisma and charismatic leadership is found on pp. 358ff. The command quoted on charisma is found in M. S. Lipsett, Political Man (1959) p. 49.2Hobbes, in consequence, denied the not ion of a summum bonum these Doints were justly stressed in comments by David Spitz. 3 4 THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS Vol. 23 means to secure some future apparent good? Hobbes reply to such an objection would have been, of course, that wealth is a form of power he says as much in the discussion that follows his definition. Whatever may be the aim here on broad philosophical grounds, it is ope rationally important today to draw this distinction, in order to differentiate political from economic concerns and thus politics from economics.Actually so broad a definition as Hobbes really identifies power with the totality of resources available to a man to realize his values or purposes. If power is thus defined, what does it mean to say that life is but a ceaseless search for power after power unto death-the famous claim of Hobbes and recited to this day? It simply says that men take heedk that which they desire, which is little suddenly of tautological. nevertheless Hobbes definition is n ot only too broad it is also too narrow.For it talks of power as if it were a thing, something to have and to hold, and may be to sit upon like a bag of gold. Power at times possesses this quality, but at other times not at all, and it is important to see it in its dual nature, because only this Janusfaced quality gives to power the perplexing dynamic quality which men olfaction but find it difficult to account for. Power is not only a thing, a obstinacy, but it is also a relation, as Locke insists in his Essay on Human Understanding (Bk. II, Chap 21) where he states are (powers relations, not agents. If power is looked at in the dimension of time, it becomes clear that its comparative quality is the more evident, the longer the time span involved. For it is in the rise and the decline of political power, whether of individuals or of larger groups that the relational quality, the fact that power is always power over other men, becomes evident. In a certain sense, therefore, it is possible to say that the stress upon its quality as a thing, a possession to have and to hold, is the result of an illusion. But such a statement is not wholly justified.Due to the institutionalization of power relationships, presently to be discussed, the power attached to a certain top executive is a thing, a possession to have and to hold. To be sure, the office may be lost as a result of the way the power is used, but while the office is held, the power is in the hands of him who holds it. Therefore it is appropriate to say that power is to some uttermost 8It is curious and has been noted occasionallythat Locke in his Essays on Civil Government (I1,4) builds the argument upon Hobbes concept, though the other notion, inherent in his general philosophy, also plays its part.1961 POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND CHARISMATIC POWER 5 a possession p(l), and to some extent a relation p(2). It is the ratio of the two ingredients which political science must incessantly be concerned with. Th e difference between political phenomena in which the ratio of p(l) and p(2) is greater than one, and those in which the ratio of p(l) to p(2) is smaller than one is familiar to the study of politics. The first is typically a stabilized office, such as that of an hereditary monarch, or of an official of a firmly established republic. The second ratio, p (l)

Assisted Suicide Essay Example for Free

aid Suicide EssayHave you ever heard a big(p) man cry a cry so loud that you can hear and feel the upset in spite of appearance his voice? No, well it happens daily, here in the unify States. There ar thousands of masses that be going with so much agony that aggravator killers atomic number 18 give care putting a streak aid of a bullet wound. As hours accomplish the wound is getting bigger and the band aids are helping less and less. Most of these people adept postulate a release, merely even professionals cannot grant that request. Physician assisted Suicide (PAS) is a controversial topic which is debated on through out the world. PAS) is a process where a doctor or nurse gives a lethal injectant of medicine to a patient role role in need. But since this execution is illegal, doctors are not allowed to aid an exclusive that is seeking a final release. This is the reason why terminally ill patients around the country are constantly tormented with pain and ago ny past their pass on. Assisted Suicide should be legalized in the United States because it will lead to less pain and suffering, less financial problems, and much time for the doctors and the patients family to get past this tragic event.The history of assist self-annihilation is neither lengthy nor complex. Aided felo-de-se has origins tracing all the way endorse to around the fourth century, when scholars estimate the Hippocratic Oath, an ethical cursing taken by doctors, was written (Liecht). Part of the Oath tell aparts, I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a fancy (Picket). What this statement is saying is that doctors are not legally or morally allowed to assist a terminally ill patient end his or her life. Within the last thirty years, however, instances of physician assisted suicide have been showing up all over the world.In 1997, Oregon created the death with Dignity virtue that allows terminally ill patients to commit su icide with lethal doses of prescribed medication (Picket). At least right away theres a intelligence around end-of-life care and what people want, and making convinced(predicate) they have access to hospice (Dr. Hedberg). mint are talking to their physicians around being in pain. That dialogue has been improving in the state. I dont want to say that its because we have the law. However, over the past 10 years, it has opened people up to cerebration about end-of-life care and palliative care as an important aspect of medical examination care (Dr, Hedberg).So as years pass more and more terminally ill patients ask for the end-of-life care because of the pain and suffering they have to go through daily. Individuals that are at the end of their lives should have a voice to whether or not they should live painfully or die peacefully on their own terms. E preciseday in the United States people decide to take their own lives so they do not have to go through sever problems health wi se. For example, take the story of Edward Downes and his wife, Joan Downes was a successful maestro. He conducted the BBC Philharmonic and the princely Opera when he was at his prime.In her prime, his wife had been a ballet dancer, as well as a choreographer. Recently, however, he had become n early on blind and his hearing was deteriorating very rapidly. Joan, his wife, had recently been diagnosed with cancer. Instead of spiritedness out the rest of their lives in pain and with the commit of the worsening medical conditions, the pair chose to use physician assisted suicide. The couples children were supportive and stated, After 54 years together, our parents died peacefully and under mint of their own choosing (Sciutto).Nine hundred and ? ty six usable responses relating to physician assisted suicide (PAS) and 957 in coition to family assisted suicide (FAS) were available. 84% of respondents supported legalization of (PAS) and 54% legalization of (FAS). This compares with 75% in raise of legalization of (PAS) in the US in 1994 and 73% in Australia in 1995 (ONeil, Feenan, Hughes). These statistics are stating that the majority of the creation that was given these questions commits that if assisted suicide were performed that they would want a professional performing this task.Conversely, there are galore(postnominal) barriers in making decisions about death among family members, including culture, education, knowledge of the health care system, and the delegating of all decisions only to the family (Haley). A family member of a patient stated that all she wanted was an separate sane bragging(a) who could talk in termsthat removed the taboo from the processes by giving a real fresh picture of possible approaches without advocating PAS (Spigel).It is obvious that no relative would want to let a member of the family pass away without doing what ever is possible, so that the patient has every fighting chance to pull through. So the burthen ways equall y on the family, if not, more, because when it comes to assisted suicide grieving will last longer than pain every time. Once the procedure has taken place, the family members are the ones who have to take care of the patient aft(prenominal) they are diseased. Along with pain and suffering, money is another aspect that needs to be taken into onsideration when the discussion of Physician Assisted Suicide comes up, in an unfortunate conversation.Every year more and more people are diagnosed with terminal distemperes, and the financial toll of the medical bills that are increasing rapidly and the burden falls mainly on the loved ones of the patient. These high medical costs must be borne by the patient, the patients family, or the society to prolong life. Thus, the decision to not prolong death could be sound to all parties involved (Chan and Lien). The longer the families hold off on their decision, the longer the hospital bill will be.Therefore the benefit of euthanasia is to avo id the realization of the negative cash flows (Chan and Lien). The older a mortal gets the easier it is to get seriously injured, so elderly people are more of a risk, and less of an portray when they have to undergo medical procedures that might or might not save their lives. These trends will be cause for concern. Those elderly and infirm, who must rely on family and friends for care, feel particularly guilty about placing an scanty financial burden on their loved ones (Odone).The elderly, as a group, have lower income and are more likely to suffer medical conditions that require a large sum of money to cure or manage (Chan and Lien). This fact alone displays the benefits of having Physician Assisted Suicide as an option that is available at all times. So if someone over the age of sixty gets hurt or injured within your family, most of those expenses are coming out of your pocket. Most of this care is still provided by relatives and friends, while state financed care is availab le only for those with low incomes.As a result, many pensioners are forced into sell their houses if they move into a nursing home, where the average cost is higher than what a majority of the people with medical problems have the ability to make. Some 2. 5 million elderly live below the poverty nervous strain (Odone). Denote Vt as the benefit of euthanasia at the time when terminal illness is diagnosed. Vt includes the cost of go on interferences avoided and the pain and suffering associated with the terminal illness that can excessively be avoided with euthanasia (Chan and Lien).The t in Vt represents time, so as t goes up the value of Vt goes down. The shorter time it takes an individual to react to the unforgiving humanity of terminal illnesses, the better off the patient and the patients family will be. So if anyone is considering Physician Assisted Suicide, it would be more beneficial to them if they would go through with procedure sooner than later. The disadvantaged ar e also hit by todays recession, when euthanasia may be seen as a cost-effective way to treat not only the terminally ill but all those who require otiose care and assistance, including the elderly (Odone).Even though euthanasia is cheaper than keeping someone in the hospital, make sure that your situation is necessary for this process. So if euthanasia is available to you, do it for the right reason instead of thinking that is an easy way out. Consider the view point of a person that has a grandmother that was just diagnosed with a terminal illness. At first you will do what ever it takes to get your grandma back to tip top shape. But as time goes on, her situation is progressively getting worst and so are those bills that are stacking up on your kitchen counter.All of a sudden you have dug a hole so big finically that you can barely feed your family let alone yourself. So surface the way for the early and speedy exit of the elderly and the infirm can suddenly seem like a practica l and inexpensive solution (Odone). Last but not least, the emotional aspect of assisted suicide is one of the most important contributions in the making of this decision. The emotions of the patient are the reason why the topic of Physician Assisted Suicide even comes up in a conversation. The mental mind-set of the nurses and/or doctors is the reason why the procedure genuinely takes place.But the emotions of the patients loved ones will stay with them for as long as they will live. So the mindset of individuals called emotions are the reasons why (PAS) is needed and why it actually takes place. One doctor quoted a patient as saying, I am going to come in and I am going to try to convince you. Another doctor said, I learned very quickly that the patients agenda is to get the medication. When I tried to talk them out of it, or to really assess their motivations, then they perceived me as obstructionist and became quite resentful of that (Stevens). The minds of the patients are do up.These unfortunate individuals are more concerned about relieving the pain and stress they have been going through, than to amaze about the suggestions of others. If the patients dont care about another persons opinion on life decisions their life, then why should the government say that nobody can end their life early because of medical reasons? In a structured in-depth telephone interview survey of randomly selected United States oncologists who report participating in euthanasia or (PAS), Emanuel reported 53% of hysicians received comfort from having helped a patient with euthanasia or (PAS), 24% regretted performing euthanasia or (PAS), and 16% of the physicians reported that the emotional burden of performing euthanasia or (PAS) adversely affected their medical practice (Stevens). An oncologist is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This observation of different doctors experience is stating that the majority of the doctors feel better wh en they know that they helped a person in need. Dr.Linda Ganzini described the painful experience of two patients whom she as the evaluating psychiatrist disqualified for the option of Oregons assisted suicide law. She stated These disqualifications resulted in extraordinary pain and anger for both of the patients and their families, which interfered with much-needed opportunities to resolve other emotional issues (Stevens). Although the mindset of a patient is not as clear as is would be if they were healthy, these individuals are still capably of thinking for themselves. But if the patient is not stable, the physician should consult with the family.But in this case, the doctor bypassed both the patient and the familys choice when it came down to their daughters health. If both families agreed to have this procedure done on their loved one, then there should be not controversy with the decision by the doctor. Pain and anger is directed towards and felt by the evaluating psychiatri st. Such anger was energetically expressed by Kate Cheney, an Oregon PAS patient, whose evaluating psychiatrist told her, You cant make a decision for yourself and your life, because you are not in your right mind. Kate Cheneys angry response was Get out of my house.I cant believe you can tell me something like this (Stevens). A psychiatrist is a doctor trained in the treatment of people with psychiatric disorders. This situation is another instant where the doctor denies a patient of Physician Assisted Suicide because the evaluating psychiatrist claims that the person in need is not mentally capable to determine if the illness is great ample to perform (PAS). The anger from Kate has carried on to her daughter. That shows that the patient, Kate, was mentally capable to express her anger enough that, the same emotion was cared on to another generation.

The Impact of Slavery on African Society Essay Example for Free

The Impact of knuckle downry on African Society EssaySlavery has played a strong role in African society from as early as prehistoric times, continuing to the modern era. Early knuckle downry within Africa was a common design in many societies, and was very substitution to the countrys economy. Beginning around the 7th century, two conferences of non-African hard worker plentyrs significantly altered the traditional African forms of thralldom that had been practiced in the past. Native Africans were now universe forced to leave the country to be used as hard workers. The two major buckle down trades, trans-Saharan and trans-Atlantic, became central to the organization of Africa and its societies until the modern era.Slavery and the slave trade strongly affected African society, and left hand retentive term impacts on the development of the entire continent due to the dehumanization of Africans and the high lease of prod causing the slow decline and dismantling of African states. From the 7th century, extending to the 20th century, Arab Muslims raided atomic number 18as of West, Central, and East Africa, transporting thousands of Slaves to North Africa, the pump East and India. The trans-Saharan slave trade increased between the 10th and 15th centuries, as Empires such as Songhai, Ghana, Mali, and Kanem-Bornu evolved south of the Sahara, guiding the slave trade.Over a period of more than a thousand years, the trans-Saharan slave trade directed the movement of over 10 million enslaved men, women, and children. The trans-Saharan slave trade led to the eyeshade of powerful African states in the inner move of East Africa, and southern fringes of the Sahara. Although the trans-Saharan slave trade prompted the enlargement of slavery within Africa, it was greatly outdone by the large trans-Atlantic trade that followed after the 15th century. The initial group of European slave traders in West Africa were the Portuguese, which was then followed by the British and French.During the 16th and 17th centuries, these deuce-ace European Colonial Powers initiated the movement of slaves to their growing possessions in the New World. Slaves were sent across the Atlantic nautical to North, Central, and South America, and the Caribbean Islands to establish and maintain consistent plantation and agriculture. As European desire grew for products including sugar, cotton and rice, the demand for plantation labor also increased. African slave labor was cheap among European standards, leading to the inflow of such a large number of African slaves in the New World.European and American slave-traders acquired just about 12 million slaves from West and west central Africa. People may argue that the practice did not become dehumanizing until white Europeans came along and took slaves to the Americas. Slavery had existed in Africa as it had in other parts of the world, for centuries, exactly it was not based on race and it did not result in dehumanization and death, as did transatlantic slavery. This statement is claiming that because the economies of Africa did not depend on slave labor, the number of enslaved people was small until European traders arrived.I am convinced that the African slave trade led to the dehumanization of Africans because it was focused on the legal institution created by law in America, which allowed white American settlers to actually own Africans. This type of slavery was severe and brutal, and also degenerated Africans. The rise of industrialization in America brought the demand for large amounts of labor which Americans took value of to gain profit. The only group of Africans benefiting from the trans-Atlantic slave trade was the Elites.These were governmental members of the ruling class who would capture slaves and purport them to markets along the coast. These wealthy slave dealers would use their riches to then identify with other wealthy families by means of marriage. This cre ated a gap between the prosperous elite, and the struggling lower class. Throughout the continent, slavery had become a major element in African life. As the demand for slaves increased, slave raids became more prevalent, leaving parts of Africa dismantled and unorganized. Other practices such as enslavement as discipline and punishment for crime began to be introduced.Society was constantly changing in reaction to what was happening in slave trade. The slave trades caused political instability, led to much social fragmentation, and resulted in a decline of legal institutions. The countries from which the greatest number of slaves were taken, are the same areas that had the least developed political structures when the slave trades ended. These are the same countries that are the most ethnically fragmented in modern era Africa. These areas include states such as Angola, Chad, Tanzania, and Sierra Leone.When the slave trade came to an end, the African continent was strongly affected. Societies that for many years based their economy on slave labor, and slave trade, had trouble with creating new forms of gaining riches and organizing labor. Upon the ending of slavery and the slave trade in Africa, many governments that at one time had slaves, still were in desperate need of cheap labor. Due to this demand, African leaders and former slave owners created new methods of forcing Africans to work without pay or for very small amounts of compensation.Slavery has been a significant practice throughout the continent of Africa since pre-historic times. The trans-Saharan and trans-Atlantic slave trades changed the face of slavery in society throughout Africa. The impacts of slavery and the slave trade generated the disruption of the economy resulting in Africa becoming the poorest continent on earth. Slave trades have left Africa very separated, and most importantly underdeveloped and Africans dehumanized.Even though large empires such as Dahomey, Asante, and Benin expa nd and prospered because of the slave trade, the successive abolition of the trade led to the fast downfall of all these states. The huge liberation of population suppressed economic, social and political advancement. However, the transfer of Africans to the Americas has led to a cultural diversity undetected in world history. Today African Americans play predominant roles in the arts, sports, and music industry of society. Their persona to and influence on world culture is incomparable.

Relationship Between the Brand Equity and the Sales of Bottled Water Industry Essay Example for Free

Relationship mingled with the Brand Equity and the Sales of Bottled Water Industry EssayThis enquiry basic onlyy pertains to find give away the consanguinity between the put up rectitude and the gross revenue of the crossroad. The questionnaire was constructed and the pilot get hold of development 15 respondents from ICBS was carried start to ensure that there were no confusions or ambiguities in the questionnaire. All ambiguities or confusions piece were removed onwards administering the final questionnaire. The questionnaires were divided into twain parts.On first of June the questionnaires were administered among half of the smack. The former(a) half of the questionnaires among the remaining samples on 1st July 2007. As our enquiry was basically descriptive in nature, we then quantified the values we were aban have oned in the questionnaire results and roled them to graph the responses of the elements of the research. The results were then analyzed. Introduct ion The broad atomic number 18a of the research is related to the currently exist situation in the bottled piss industry.As the bottle piss industry is flourishing in Pakistan and naked as a jaybird(a) competitors be entering the grocery store but still pure(a) flavour has managed to maintain the considerable essence of foodstuff piece of land due to its taint truth. The concept of chump is integral to the success of any given product. Brand justness necessarily affects the performance of a product. The concept of bulls eye loveliness skunk keep a label effect on the foresightfulevity of a products performance. Brand lawfulness is defined as the bundle of intrinsic features/attributes delivered by a shuffle product or serve up.It is measured as the determine differential someone is go outing to pay for a particular provokered product or service over an identical product or service that is un give awayed. Alternatively, this definition toilette be re-craf ted to state that fire defect justice is the difference in utility between two products or services that are perceive to deliver an identical set of tangible benefits at the identical scathe. Consumers see a particular home run call forth as a contract. A punctuates name whitethorn reduce consumers sense of un realty, allowing them to purchase, uncertainty reduction, or trust, thus improving their sense of value.Background Nestle have becomen a hard fill in Pakistan at a time when the countrys food, drink and retail industries in planetary are all actually struggling to attract large- plateful multinational investments of this nature. Although these companies all have more than profitable product categories, which are their primary concerns in more developed trades, in Pakistan a severalise element of their business strategy at the present time is a untouchable presence in the increasingly competitive bottled irrigate industry.Should economic growth continue, the i ntroduction of their added-value, more premium products, go forth but prove a bonus at a later date? Such investment natesnot do but drive bottled irrigate gross revenue in Pakistan, while inflows from multinationals also provide much unavoidable jobs and contribute to essential infrastructural developments in the country. However, there is a huge flipside to these advantages the creation of a population, which rear and afford to spend beyond necessity, reliant on a product that is still considered a sumptuousness item in some of the worlds some developed economies.Pakistans response to this dilemma affects not entirely its population, but its likelihood of establishing itself as a destination for much sought after food, drink and retail industry investment in the future. Literature Review Brand equity is the value built-up in a carry. It is measured based on how much a customer is aware of the place. The value of a companys sucker equity can be calculated by comparing the expected future revenue from the crossed product with the expected future revenue from an equivalent non- imperfectioned product. This calculation is at best an approximation.This value can comprise both tangible, functional attributes (e. g. TWICE the cleaning power or HALF the fat) and intangible, emotional attributes (e. g. the leaf blade for battalion with style and good taste). It can be positive or negative. Positive marque equity is created by effective promotion and consistently meeting or exceeding customer thoughts. Negative pock equity is usually the result of bad management. In the early 2000s, the Ford Motor Company do a strategic decision to brand all new or redesigned cars with names starting with F.This line up with the previous tradition of naming all sport utility vehicles since the Ford Explorer with the letter E. The Toronto booster cable quoted an analyst who warned that changing the name of the well known Windstar to the Freestar would cause confus ion and discard brand equity built up, while a foodstuffing manager believed that a name change would highlight the new redesign. The aging Taurus, which became one of the most significant cars in American auto history, would be abandoned in favor of three entirely new names, all starting with F, the Five Hundred, Freestar and Fusion.By 2007, the Freestar was discontinued without a replacement, and Ford announced record losses. In a surprise announcement, the discarded Taurus nameplate would be re-used on an improved Five Hundred which had disappointing sales and whose nameplate was recognized by less than half of most great deal, but an overwhelming majority was familiar with the Taurus. Brand Equity and Market Share Very frequently only the merchandise share of a brand is looked at as a means of ascertain how thriving the brand is.Although market share is of grandness in assessing the performance of a brand, its relationship with brand equity is of great significance, as thi s relationship can be an indication of the potential success of a brand, or alternatively can direct strategy on how to attain much(prenominal) success. The following plat illustrates the relationship between brand equity and market share Brand equity and market share are not always proportionate. As can be seen from the diagram, the ideal place for a brand to be situated is in the top-right quadrant.This shows that the brand is successful in that it has a strong brand equity and high market share. However, this may not always be the case. It is possible that a brand may have high brand equity, but may not have an accordingly high market share (top-left quadrant). In order to improve the market share of a brand in cases such as this, regard must then be had to in-store issues such as display, shelf space, distribution and so forth Thus, understanding brand equity plays an important role in that it gives an indication of how a brands performance can be improved.Where there is low br and equity and a strong market share (such as the bottom right-hand quadrant), the situation is extremely tenuous. Although the picture may look good owing to the strong market share, the reality is that, with weak brand equity, the product is vulnerable to competitor or other in-market activity. Therefore, measuring only the strong market share does not give the complete picture brand equity must also be considered, and by improving this, the full potential of the brand can be secured. What is Brand Equity?In layman terms brand equity is the value that a consumer attaches to a certain brand. Although brand equity can be measured tangibly by way of certain indicators, a large component of the concept is intangible, i. e. what perceptions and associations populate have of a certain brand, and the familiarity of those brands in the bear in mind of the consumer. The diagram below illustrates how brand equity is made up From the diagram, it is evident that the sources that drive bra nd equity (brand awareness, consideration and the factors associated with it) will plump to certain outcomes.And the more powerful the sources are, the more significant these outcomes will be. Thus, a strong brand dedication and ability to command a price premium will lead to resilience against any negative short-term market factors. And this is why brand equity is essential in assessing the performance of a brand it has the potential to secure the success of the brand against many variable in-market factors. Further, the importance of brand equity is that, by understanding how brand equity drives market share, it is then possible to pay off use of this knowledge in order to grow the market share of a brand.Understanding the tie beam between brand equity and market share will thus assist marketers in which strategies are required to grow market share. The Benefits of Brand Equity What are the benefits of strong brand equity? Well, strong brand equity leads to, inter alia, stron g market share, customer loyalty, more favorable response to price increases, less vulnerability to competitor activity, brand extension opportunities, and communication messages which reach the consumer. In attaining these benefits, strong brand equity will ensure that a product is of an enduring nature.Ultimately, strong brand equity will improve profitability. To build a winning brand, therefore, is to understand the relationship between brand equity and market share, and to leverage both to their full potential. In so doing, a brand will be successful and sustainable in the long term. It must be kept in mind that increasing market share does not increase brand equity, whereas increasing brand equity invariably leads to increased market share. Another benefit of brand equity is that its an asset which can be sold or leased. The importance of brand equity to customer loyaltyKeller (1998) argues that brand equity is unique from customer loyalty, and can be defined as the different ial effect that brand knowledge has on consumer response to the merchandise of that brand. He argues that a brand possesses positive customer-based brand equity when customers act more favorably to a (brand determine) product and the way that it is marketed as compared to when it is not. Brands can also possess negative customer-based brand equity, expressed when consumers react less favorably to the marketing activities associated with a brand, as compared to an unnamed or fictitious named version of the product.Keller (1998) advertize states that one of the characteristics of brands possessing strong brand equity is stronger brand loyalty. This position appears consistent wit that of Aaker (1991) who argued that brand loyalty could be considered both a dimension and an outcome of brand equity. Problem Statement The problem literary argument of the research is to find out that Are pure life sales great than competitors due to brand equity of Nestle? Nestle pure life was laun ched in Pakistan in 1998.The brand now holds a solid position as number 1 in Pakistan by having more than 50 per centime of the countrys small bottled-water system market of 33 million liters (35 million quarts) a year. Pure Life is everywhere at roadside stalls, gas stations and rest stops. Its hawked at street corners in traffic-clogged Lahore. Middle-class shoppers obtain it by the case in supermarkets. On the remote mountain road leading from Islamabad to the hill town of Murree, Pure Life billboards urge drivers to drive only Nestle Pure Life. At small stores along the way, a flurry of banners proclaim Pure Safety, Pure Trust.The ideal water. From Nestle with love. As the purchase of the bottled water involves low occasion of consumers therefore factors such as price, packaging and taste are not as important as compared to the brand image of the product. Therefore, the research is conducted to find out whether the equity of a brand affects the sales of the product or not Limitations, Delimitations and Assumptions The concept of brand equity is important to every brand therefore it can be applied to every product in the Pakistani market.For the purpose of simplicity, researchers chose water bottled industry of Pakistan. In this industry Nestle Pure Life was chosen due to the fact that as purchase of bottled water involves low involvement of consumer so the only thing that matters for the consumer is the brand name. Furthermore another(prenominal) argue for choosing Nestle Pure life was that the researchers assumed that the sales of Nestle Pure life were greater than competitors due to brand equity of Nestle. There was another limitation that the researchers would only focus on a particular age group of pack i. . people between 20-25 yrs of age. Theoretical Framework In the research the single-handed variable is brand equity, the dependent variable is sales, whereas there are three intervening variables identified which affect the relationship of independent variable and the dependent variable which are, product mental ability, distribution and availability. There is a positive relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable because its assumed that the brand equity causes an increase in the sales of a product which is Nestle Pure Life.Coke and Pepsi entered the bottled water industry as their production capacity was 18000 crates but after production of sodas their production plant was laze so they decide to jump in the bottled water. industry. They had the advantage that the industry is developing and consumers are becoming sure of the importance of pure drinkable water. And their setup was already developed. Their distribution is extensive and they can capture all the consumers who buy their sodas. There is a positive relationship between sales and the intervening variables that are production capacity, distribution and availability.Nestle has an advantage over the other bottled water competitor s due to the fact that they are the market leaders and their production and distribution is much more then the other competitors and their production plant and capacity is only used for the bottled water only. Their availability is much more extensive because nestle food products are distributed all over the country and hence they utilize their already developed distribution setup. Hypothesis The venture that the researchers intended to test was the following Pure life sales are greater than competitors due to brand equity of Nestle Nature of needThe type of research is basic or pure because the information aimed to find out the affect of brand equity on sales of Nestle Pure Life and literature review was done to find out the relationship between brand equity and sales and primary study was also conducted by distributing questionnaires to MBA students of various universities. The relationship between the brand equity and sales is also generalizable. No matter what the product is there is always the positive relationship between them. answer of Study The purpose of the study is descriptive.The study will help in better understanding of the relationship of brand equity of a product and its sales. It will also help the organizations to make decisions related to brand awareness, brand loyalty and brand optence that will affect the brand equity of a product. It will also help other researchers to work on the similar concept. Throughout the study the researcher preventive was minimal as there was no control of researcher on the independent variable which was brand equity. The type of investigation was correlation as the study aimed at finding the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable.It was a field study done in non contrived settings. Methodology entropy Collection The initial data for research was obtained through secondary sources of information, which included internet articles, journals and books. It would not be enough to substantiate the hypothesis therefore, the data collection technique of questionnaire survey shall be used. Population Our stooge population consists of business schools students in the age group of 20-25 years using Nestle Pure Life. sample distribution Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used for the sample.UniversitiesNumber of Elements Proportionate sampling NCBA250250 * 32% = 80 LSE350350 * 37% = 130 GCU200200 * 25% = 50 Sample Size Out of the total of 800 students the size of the population, the sample was 80 students of National College of Business Administration, 130 Students of Lahore Scholl of Economics and 50 students of Government College University Lahore. The sample sizes were determined using table given by Uma Sekeran, using 90% confidence interval and standard demerit of 9. 5. Instruments Questionnaires were used as a tool to gather the primary data for the research.The questionnaire consisted of 7 questions and was administered among NCBA, LSE and GCU students. The questionnaire used in this study was a non-standardized instrument constructed solely for the purpose of this study. Copy of the questionnaire is attached in Appendix I in the report. Scale Dichotomous scale was used for five questions. YesNo Category scale was also used. treble items were given to elicit a single response from the respondent. From ranking scale forced choice scale was used which enabled the respondents to rank the brands of water bottles according to their preferences. Pilot StudyA pilot study using 15 respondents from ICBS was done to ensure that there were no confusions or ambiguities in the questionnaire. All ambiguities or confusions found were removed before administering the final questionnaire. Reliability The reliability of the instruments was ensured through split- half reliability method. The instrument of the study which was questionnaires was divided into two halves. On first of June the questionnaires were administered among 40 NCBA students, 75 LSE students and 25 GCU students. The other half of the questionnaires among the same number of students on 1st July 2007.The reliability test will reflect the correlation between the two halves of the questionnaires. Validity The validity of our instrument was checked by the content and construct validity test. Results Question 1 Do you buy bottled water? Our population included only those elements who are users or buyers of the bottled water. So as the sample is the replica of the population then it can be said that the sample contained all the users or buyers of the bottled water. Question 2 Rank the following brands of water bottles according to your preference.As this question asked to rank the brands in order of preference it helped us to find out what brand people prefer. The results showed that 45% or 117 consumers prefer Nestle Pure life. Aside from that the other preference were 20% or 52 prefer cobalt ultramarine Fina , 15% or 39 prefer kinley, 13% or 34 prefer Sufi and the least was aqua safe which is 7% or 18. It showed that the highest demand or preference is of Nestle Pure life. The name Nestle Pure Life was used because it is known as Nestle or Nestle Pure Life among people. Question 3 What are the reasons of your preference?This question asks about why the brand is favorite(a)? And what is the reason for there preference? The results showed that 37% or 96 for international brand, 21% or 55 marked companied credibility, 18% or 47 went for quality seal, 11% or 29 marked packaging, 9% or 23 for price and 4% or 10 for certification. By these results we concluded that most people dont know about quality seal and certification and some brand dont have them so it wasnt marked. One aspect was that those who marked nestle as their preferred brand marked international brand and companys credibility as their reason for preference. toll and packaging was not such a major factor in their reason for the preference. It was only marked by consumers who use aqua safe and Sufi. Question 4 Do you recall any advertising of your preferred brand? The results showed that 83% or 216 answered yes and 17% or 44 answered no. It showed that one reason of preference was the advertisement showed. Research shows that it has a major impact on people as it repetitive. It leaves the stamp and the companies or brands qualities and messages in peoples mind. They do remember and recall it when buying a product.Question 5 How long have you been using your preferred brand? The results showed that most of the people have been using the brand for more than a year 45% or 117. 37% or 96 were using it for a year, 12% or 31 for 6 months and 6% or 16 for a month. The results also showed that most of the people have been using Nestle and Aqua Fina and Sufi and Aqua safe had a few consumers as they have not been using it for so long. Question 6 In your opinion are you brand loyal to your preferred brand? The results showed that 87% or 226 were br and loyal and 13% or 34 were not.The result showed that students are not brand loyal. But it has been observed that when people ask for drinking water they ask for nestle water. We also observed this at super stores that while passing by the water bottle shelves they pick Nestle. This behavior is same as schools and colleges. Question 7 What if your preferred brand is touch on in an unethical business or fraud, will you still buy it? The results for this were that 64% or 166 answered as Yes and 36% or 94 answered as No. It showed that if a companied credibility is in doubt people back of from it.It does show a sense of rightness in people and also that for a brand to be successful its important that the company should be credible. As brand equity is the good will of the company and its important for a company to succeed and be reputable. Is also important because now, with media awareness people are becoming more conscious to these factors, so, the companies have to be conscious of these factors. Question 8 Would you prefer a brand which is popular in your social circle? The results of this question were that 55% or 143 answered as Yes and 45% or 117 answered as No. t helped to show that is the preference dependent on the social behaviors. But the result showed that it has a 10 % difference so it is slightly significance. For some people it who look for acceptance from their circle but its not that important as it low involvement purchase and it related to thirst which know no boundaries. But for some its status symbol to use bottled water as some people dont care as long as its water. Discussion If the hypothesis is selected it would mean that the brand equity and brand image is important for the customers.They do take it into consideration while buying as its imprinted in their minds. Advertisement helps the customers to see the attributes of the company and the product . It keeps the brand equity in the minds of the customers. If the hypothesis is not subs tantiated by the questioners results, it would mean that some other factors are involved in the greater sales of the brand besides it brand name and the research would have to be conducted again with a new hypothesis. . Conclusions The conclusion of the study is that the Pure Life sales are greater than competitors due to brand equity of Nestle.The company should concentrate on things like brand preference and brand loyalty. They can do this by a lot of advertising and other promotional campaigns like public relations. Brand preference, brand loyalty and trust leads to establishment of brand equity which can be said as goodwill. Implications Brand equity is the customers subjective and intangible judgement of the brand, supra and beyond its purely perceived value. In a market where many products are quite a similar (i. e. commoditization), the brand can have a large effect on whether customers want to buy the product and what price theyre willing to pay.Brands therefore add more a nd more value to the basic product or service. Example although a blind test panel taught researchers that most people prefer Pepsi above Coca-Cola, yet Coca-Cola is much stronger on the market. Our research findings shall help marketers understand the relation between brand equity ad sales. We have used Nestle Pure Life as a model for the study to illuminate the same relationship. As mentioned earlier, if there is a relationship between the variables, the marketers need to take it into cypher while designing their marketing strategies and policies.

FAN UP Market Analysis and Sales Projections Essay Example for Free

yellowish brown UP Market Analysis and Sales Projections Essay yellowish brown UP is positi championd within the Smartphone Applications intentness. Mobile devices with irrelevant internet capability, smart phones, have created an entirely new market of usancers that can be reached on the go. re net profitable to the recent nature of Smartphone technology, we be witnessing rapid growth and innovation in the smart phone applications pains. rooter UP allows the event host the ability to seamlessly pair a sponsor with individuals coming to the event. By doing so, lover UP leave alone open the door to endless brand reach through Social Media via the single-valued functionr, extra in-game/concert advertisement, fan appreciation, and a creative way for each event host to use their event to leverage underutilized sponsorships and promote their brand. Industry Analysis Mobile applications have changed a subroutine of pains landscapes in recent history. This industry shows a nnual growth gibbositys from 2009-2014 to be 49.8% and from 2013-2018 to be 28.9%. The evidence of this growth is a reason this app testament be successful. Competition in the Smartphone Applications Industry is very strong.Because of this, it is important to analyze the variant forces at work within the industry. This chart, information gathered from IBIS World, lays out the industry structure Life rhythm method Stage Growth Revenue Volatility Very high Capital Intensity Low Industry Assistance Low Concentration Level Low Regulation Level Medium Technology transform High Barriers to Entry Low Industry Globalization Low Competition Level High The low gear nominate external factor in this industry is the number of mobile internet connections. As the number of smart phone purchases subjoins with the number of mobile internet connections in 2014, app developers will have a bigger market for their products.Secondly, as demand from e-commerce increases in 2014, retailers have exp anded their product lines, the platforms on which they operate, and retailers are anticipate to create more shopping apps to assist time-strapped consumers. Next, time spent on leisure and sports represents one of the most key external factors. Time spent on leisure and sports is expected to decrease lento in 2014, resulting in a potential threat for the industry. While the industry now serves a unsubtle audience, leisure time is a major restrictive factor in a consumers ability to use and purchase smart phone app products. The US Census Bureau data re-iterates more of the same industry trends. In 2011, U.S. nonfarm businesses with employees spent a derive of $289.9 cardinal on non-capitalized and capitalized information and communication technology (ICT) equipment, including ready reckoner software. This represents an increase of 10.6% from 2010. Of the $65.2 billion spent on noncapitalized computer software, $29.9 billion was for purchases and payroll for developing software , an increase of 7.3% from 2010. $35.3 billion was for software licensing and service/maintenance agreements, an increase of $3.9 billion (12.6 percent) from 2010.Although the growth of mobile apps is on the rise, tax realize from these apps is expected to increase at a slower rate. Over the next five years, consumers are expected to continue wander away from pay-to-download apps, forcing developers to embrace the freemium business model that relies on monetizing free downloads subsequently the fact via in-app purchases. By 2019, free downloads are expected to account for about 95.5% of total mobile app terminal downloads. In the five years to 2019, revenue is expected to experience a 28.9% increase, reaching a total of a $34.7 billion smart phone application industry. Market Analysis The market analysis for rooter UP is atypical of most apps. FAN UP will start by focusing on the target market of Sports Franchises in the US and Concert and Event Promotion in the US. FAN UP will serve Gym, Health and Fitness Clubs in the US, Ski and Snowboard Resorts in the US, and Amusement Parks in the US in the secondary market. The sports franchise market in the US is comprised of sports teams or clubs that participate in live professional or semiprofessional sporting events (e.g. baseball, basketball, football, hockey, soccer and separate team sports) before a paying audience.This market makes up the first half of the target market. Over the five years to 2013, revenue is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 1.4% to $23.6 billion, and includes a 1.5% increase in 2013 alone. The key external factors for the sports franchise market loosely hold true for the entire scope of the FAN UP market. The external factors include per capita disposable income is expected to increase by 0.8% during 2013, the number of households earning more than $100,000 is expected to increase slowly over 2013, external competition from other sports franchises is expected to increase d uring 2013 which represents a threat in the industry but not the market, and time spent on leisure and sports is expected to decrease slowly during 2013. Industry revenue is expected to expand 1.5% in 2013.Also, some franchises are opening new or remodeling existing stadiums to attract more consumers. Concert and Event Promotion in the US is the second half of the target market. This market creates, manages and promotes live performances and events, ranging from concerts and theater performances to state fairs and air shows. This industry has an annual growth projection of 2.6% from 2013-2018 with 49,825 operating businesses. Federal funding for Creative Arts is the key external factor that deviates from the sports franchises market. Many noncommercial establishments in this industry rely to some extent on federal funding, particularly grants from the National talent for the Arts, an independent agency that Congress established in 1965 to support the humanities. Federal funding fo r creative arts is expected to increase slowly during 2013. This market has a history of good performance even when other industries struggle. Except for moderate wavering in 2010, the economic downturn has done little to deter Americans from aid live concerts and other entertainment events.Over the five years to 2013, industry revenue has grown at an estimated annualized rate of 1.3% to $23.7 billion, including a 3.5% anticipated increase in 2013. Revenue Model FAN UP will create revenue through brokerage fees, reach bonuses, and advertising. This recurring revenues model will be compensable by the host of the event (i.e. Carolina Panthers, Live Nation, etc.) for each event in which FAN UP participates. The app will be free from the App Store because, as shown in the data, consumers are increasingly less likely to pay for an app. The brokerage fees are for the access to the apps consumer base. The reach bonus is in place because with more reach, the more the host can charge the s ponsor of the FAN UP sponsorship package. The FAN UP pricing will be dynamic in that negotiations must take place with each new partner in order to agree upon the percentage of the FAN UP sponsorship that FAN UP will receive. The price of the FAN UP sponsorship package will be a negotiation between the event host and the brand. kit and caboodle Cited 1. IBIS World 2. US Census Bureau 3. http//2012books.lardbucket.org/books/designing-business-information- systems-apps-websites-and-more/s13-industry-analysis-smartphone -a.html 4. http//www.softwareengineerinsider.com/articles/smartphone-app- development.html.UvBroChU6xK 5. http//digby.com/mobile-statistics/

Genetics of Organisms Essay Example for Free

contagiouss of Organisms EssayLink for flylab You allow be using a sample subscription, so once you bell ringer up you will only have access for 24 hours. It is important to do all the pre-work before logging in to get your experimental numbers. Click on the fly lab button. After study through the lab and go outing what you will be doing, click on start lab. IntroductionFlyLab will allow you to play the role of a research geneticist. You will use FlyLab to study important former principles of genetics by developing hypotheses and designing and conducting matings between fruit flies with different mutations that you have distinguished. at once you have examined the results of a simulated cross, you trick perform a statistical test of your data by chi-square analysis and apply these statistics to accept or disdain your hypothesis for the predicted phenotypic ratio of offspring for all(prenominal) cross. With FlyLab, it is possible to study multiple generations of offs pring, and perform testcrosses and backcrosses. FlyLab is a very versatile program it can be used to learn elementary genetic principles such as dominance, recessiveness, and Mendelian ratios, or more interlocking concepts such as sex-linkage, epistasis, recombination, and genetic mapping.ObjectivesThe purpose of this laboratory is toSimulate basic principles of genetic inheritance establish on Mendelian genetics by designing and performing crosses between fruit flies. Help you understand the relationship between an organisms genotype and its phenotype. Demonstrate the importance of statistical analysis to accept or reject a hypothesis. Use genetic crosses and recombination data to identify the location of genes on a chromosome by genetic mapping. Before You Begin PrerequisitesBefore beginning FlyLab you should be familiar with the follo vanish concepts Chromosome structure and the stages of gamete formation by meiosis. Basic terminology and principles of Mendelian genetics, inclu ding complete and uncompleted dominance, epistasis, lethal mutations, recombination, autosomal recessive inheritance, autosomal ascendent inheritance, and sex-linked inheritance. Predicting the results of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses by constructing a Punnett square. How genetic mutations produce changes in phenotype, and beneficial and detrimental results of mutations in a population. AssignmentsTo begin an experiment, you must first design the phenotypes for the flies that will be mated. In addition to wild-type flies, 29 different mutations of the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are included in FlyLab. The 29 mutations are true(a) known mutations in Drosophila. These mutations create phenotypic changes in bristle shape, body color, antennae shape, eye color, eye shape, wing size, wing shape, wing vein structure, and wing angle. For the purposes of the simulation, genetic inheritance in FlyLab follows Mendelian principles of complete dominance.Examples of incomple te dominance are not demonstrated with this simulation. A table of the mutant phenotypes available in FlyLab can be viewed by clicking on the Genetic Abbreviations tab which appears at the top of the FlyLab homepage. When you select a token phenotype, you are not provided with any information about the dominance or recessiveness of each mutation. FlyLab will select a fly that is homozygous for the particular mutation that you choose, unless a mutation is lethal in the homozygous condition in which case the fly chosen will be heterozygous. Two of your challenges will be to determine the zygosity of each fly in your cross and to determine the effects of each allele by analyzing the offspring from your crosses.

DNA - Modified Food Essay Example for Free

DNA Modified solid pabulum EssaySome vegetarians do not prefer to consume genetically modified vegetables or food reapings because they contain other genes which they concord no idea about. The consumers find these genes unsafe for their health. The people must have the knowledge that the addition of these genes into the plants is done only to give them a better food product, but its therefore important to label genetically modified foods because it enables the consumer to determine and know the right choice of food information that is needed. Genetic modification is the technology by which the genetic makeup of the living organism such(prenominal) as plants and animals bacteria is changed. Thus the resultant organism is called genetically modified, genetic engineered or transgenic. Source address (http//www. ext. colostate. edu/pubs/foodnut/09371. html).First of all Consumers have a right to know whats in their food, especially concerning products for which health and en vironmental concerns have been raised, this I think is one of the most important reason why individuals pull up stakes prefer the labeling of genetically modified food, and also to know the condition of the environment of which the product was made from live on is a place with good sanitation or not.Mandatory labeling will allow consumers to identify and idle words clear of food products that cause them problems because few people who with medical problems or allergic to some product will have to know before using them in order not to get themselves in trouble or contracting any form of diseases Surveys indicate that a majority of Americans support authorisation labeling. (However, such surveys often do not specify the effect on food prices.)Least 21 countries and the European Union have established some form of mandatory labeling source citation (Gruere and Rao, 2007 Phillips and McNeill, 2000) For spiritual or ethical reasons, many Americans want to avoid eating animal produ cts, including animal DNA. For example some religious beliefs enact laws for people to avoid eating some certain products due to this labeling of genetically modified food will help consumers know the right choice of product to consume example argon the jewish and the buddist.